📚 Atomic Mass Unit and Nuclear Binding Energy | 原子质量单位与核结合能
10⁻²⁷ kg allows us to compare proton, neutron and isotope masses using manageable numbers.
在 AQA A-level 物理中,原子核质量通常用统一原子质量单位 u 表示,而不用千克。这是因为原子核尺度的质量非常小:常数 1 u = 1.661 × 10⁻²⁷ kg 使我们能用便于处理的数字来比较质子、中子和同位素质量。
1. The Scale of Nuclear Mass | 原子核质量的尺度
A single proton or neutron has a mass of the order of 10⁻²⁷ kg. Writing such masses in kilograms every time produces very small numbers that are easy to misread, so physicists use the atomic mass unit u as a more convenient unit for nuclear and atomic masses.
单个质子或中子的质量约为 10⁻²⁷ kg 量级。每次都用千克表示这类质量会产生非常小且容易误读的数字,因此物理学家使用原子质量单位 u 作为表示原子核和原子质量更方便的单位。
calculations often require the mass difference to be expressed in kg before using E = mc².
在 A-level 考试中,题目通常会给出以 u 或 kg 为单位的原子核质量。你必须能够熟练地在这些单位之间转换,因为在利用 E = mc² 进行结合能计算时,质量差往往需要先表示为 kg。
2. Definition of the Unified Atomic Mass Unit | 统一原子质量单位的定义
The unified atomic mass unit u is defined as exactly one twelfth of the mass of a neutral carbon-12 atom in its ground state. This definition sets the atomic mass of carbon-12 to exactly 12 u, which gives a stable reference for all other masses.
统一原子质量单位 u 定义为处于基态的中性碳-12 原子质量的十二分之一。这个定义将碳-12 的原子质量设定为恰好 12 u,为所有其他质量提供了稳定的参考标准。
The AQA data sheet gives the value 1 u = 1.661 × 10⁻²⁷ kg 10⁻²⁷; that is not standard scientific notation and must be rewritten as 1.661 × 10⁻²⁷ kg.
AQA 数据表给出的数值为 1 u = 1.661 × 10⁻²⁷ kg。除非题目给出更精确的数值,否则你应在计算中使用这个值。有时学生会把这个常数误抄成 00641 × 10⁻²⁷;这不是标准的科学计数法,必须改写为 1.661 × 10⁻²⁷ kg。
Carbon-12 contains 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons. Because the definition includes the electrons, atomic masses in u include electron masses. This matters when you calculate a nuclear mass from an atomic mass.
碳-12 含有 6 个质子、6 个中子和 6 个电子。由于定义中包含了电子,以 u 为单位的原子质量包含电子的质量。当你由原子质量计算原子核质量时,这一点非常重要。
3. Converting u to kg and MeV/c² | u 与 kg 及 MeV/c² 的换算
xample, a particle of mass 2.014 u has a mass of 2.014 × 1.661 × 10⁻²⁷ = 3.345 × 10⁻²⁷ kg.
要把以 u 为单位的质量换算成千克,需要乘以转换因子 1.661 × 10⁻²⁷ kg u⁻¹。例如,质量为 2.014 u 的粒子,其质量为 2.014 × 1.661 × 10⁻²⁷ = 3.345 × 10⁻²⁷ kg。
Because mass and energy are equivalent, we can also express 1 u as an energy divided by c². The widely used conversion is:
由于质量与能量等价,我们也可以把 1 u 表示为能量除以 c²。广泛使用的换算关系为:
1 u ≈ 931.5 MeV/c²
This means that if a mass difference is given in u, the corresponding rest energy can be estimated by multiplying by 931.5 MeV. This is extremely useful in nuclear binding energy questions because it avoids converting to joules first.
这意味着如果质量差以 u 为单位,相应的静止能量可以通过乘以 931.5 MeV 来估算。这在核结合能问题中非常有用,因为可以避免先转换成焦耳。
4. Proton, Neutron and Electron Rest Masses | 质子、中子和电子的静止质量
10⁻²⁷ kg, or about 1.00867 u. Notice that the neutron is slightly heavier than the proton.
AQA 数据表列出质子的静止质量为 1.673 × 10⁻²⁷ kg,约为 1.00728 u。中子的静止质量为 1.675 × 10⁻²⁷ kg,约为 1.00867 u。注意中子比质子稍重。
kg, which is about 0.000549 u. This is much smaller than the proton or neutron mass, but it is not zero. In accurate work using atomic masses, you may need to subtract electron masses to find the nuclear mass.
电子的静止质量为 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg,约为 0.000549 u。这比质子或中子质量小得多,但并不为零。在使用原子质量进行精确计算时,你可能需要减去电子质量以得到原子核质量。
- Proton: mₚ ≈ 1.00728 u ≈ 1.673 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
- Neutron: mₙ ≈ 1.00867 u ≈ 1.675 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
- Electron: mₑ ≈ 0.000549 u ≈ 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg
质子: mₚ ≈ 1.00728 u ≈ 1.673 × 10⁻²⁷ kg | 中子: mₙ ≈ 1.00867 u ≈ 1.675 × 10⁻²⁷ kg | 电子: mₑ ≈ 0.000549 u ≈ 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg
5. Carbon-12 and Isotopic Masses | 碳-12 与同位素质量
By definition, a neutral carbon-12 atom has an atomic mass of exactly 12 u. Other isotopes have atomic masses that are close to their mass number but are not exactly equal to it. For example, helium-4 has an atomic mass of about 4.002603 u rather than exactly 4 u.
根据定义,中性碳-12 原子的原子质量恰好为 12 u。其他同位素的原子质量接近其质量数,但并不完全等于质量数。例如,氦-4 的原子质量约为 4.002603 u,而不是恰好 4 u。
The small difference between the mass number A and the actual atomic mass is directly related to the binding energy of the nucleus. The missing mass is called the mass defect, and it is responsible for holding the nucleons together.
质量数 A 与实际原子质量之间的微小差异直接与原子核的结合能有关。这些“消失”的质量被称为质量亏损,它是将核子束缚在一起的原因。
6. Mass Defect in a Nucleus | 原子核中的质量亏损
Mass defect Δm is the difference between the total mass of the separate protons and neutrons and the actual mass of the nucleus they form. It can be written as:
质量亏损 Δm 是单独质子与中子的总质量与它们形成的实际原子核质量之间的差值。它可以表示为:
Δm = (Z mₚ + N mₙ) − m nucleus
Here Z is the proton number, N is the neutron number, mₚ is the proton mass and m
Published by TutorHao | A-Level Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)

或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图