📚 AQA A-Level Chemistry 3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry | AQA A-Level化学 3.1 有机化学入门
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon, with the exception of simple oxides, carbonates and hydrogencarbonates. Carbon is unique because each atom can form four covalent bonds, link to other carbon atoms to build chains and rings, and bond readily with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and the halogens. This versatility explains the enormous number of organic molecules found in living systems and in industry.
有机化学是研究含碳化合物的学科，但简单的氧化物、碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐除外。碳的独特之处在于每个碳原子可以形成四个共价键，能与其他碳原子连接成链和环，并容易与氢、氧、氮、硫、磷和卤素成键。这种多样性解释了生命体系和工业中数量庞大的有机分子存在的原因。
1. Carbon: The Backbone of Organic Chemistry | 碳：有机化学的骨架
Carbon lies in Group 14 of the periodic table and has four outer-shell electrons. It can form four single covalent bonds, or a combination of single, double and triple bonds. Depending on the bonding, a carbon atom can be tetrahedral with bond angles of about 109.5 degrees, trigonal planar with about 120 degrees, or linear with 180 degrees.
碳位于元素周期表第14族，有四个最外层电子。碳可以形成四个单键，也可以形成单键、双键和三键的组合。根据成键方式的不同，碳原子可以是四面体形，键角约为109.5°；平面三角形，键角约为120°；或直线形，键角为180°。
The ability of carbon to catenate, meaning to form bonds with other carbon atoms, allows the construction of long chains, branched chains and rings. This property is the foundation of the vast structural diversity seen in organic compounds, from simple methane to complex biological macromolecules such as proteins, DNA and carbohydrates.
碳具有成链能力，即能与其他碳原子形成化学键，因此可以构建长链、支链和环状结构。这一性质是有机化合物结构多样性的基础，从简单的甲烷到蛋白质、DNA和碳水化合物等复杂的生物大分子都依赖于此。
2. Homologous Series and Functional Groups | 同系物与官能团
A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same general formula and the same functional group. Each successive member differs from the previous one by a CH2 unit. Members of a homologous series show a gradual trend in physical properties such as boiling point, and they undergo similar chemical reactions because they share the same functional group.
同系物是一类具有相同通式和相同官能团的有机化合物。相邻成员之间相差一个CH2单元。同系物成员在沸点等物理性质上呈现逐渐变化的趋势，并且由于官能团相同，它们能发生相似的化学反应。
The functional group is the atom or group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound. The table below summarises the main homologous series tested at A-Level.
官能团是决定化合物特征反应的原子或原子团。下表总结了A-Level考试中主要考查的同系物。
| Homologous series | Functional group | Suffix/prefix | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alkanes | C-C only | -ane | CH4 methane |
| Alkenes | C=C | -ene | CH2=CH2 ethene |
| Alcohols | -OH | -ol | CH3CH2OH ethanol |
| Aldehydes | -CHO | -al | CH3CHO ethanal |
| Ketones | C=O | -one | CH3COCH3 propanone |
| Carboxylic acids | -COOH | -oic acid | 广告 / Sponsored 英国CGP原版 A-Level Chemistry: AQA Year 1 & 2 Complete Revision… 化学 备考教辅 · 正版现货 · 与本文内容相关 查看详情 / View on Taobao参考价 ¥292.0
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