📚 USE OF LAB BOOKS | 实验记录本的使用
In AQA A-level Chemistry, the lab book is your primary record of practical work. It is not only a place to write numbers, but also a legal-style document that shows how you planned, carried out, recorded and evaluated an experiment. A well-organised lab book helps you prepare for written papers and provides evidence for the AQA Practical Endorsement.
在 AQA A Level 化学中，实验记录本是你实验工作的主要记录。它不仅是写下数字的地方，也是一种展示你如何计划、实施、记录和评估实验的正式记录。一本组织良好的实验记录本能帮助你备考笔试，并为 AQA 实践技能认证提供证据。
1. Why lab books matter in AQA A-level Chemistry | 为什么实验记录本在 AQA A Level 化学中如此重要
AQA Chemistry has a separate Practical Endorsement assessed through the Common Practical Assessment Criteria, or CPAC. Your lab book is the main evidence your teacher uses to decide whether you meet CPAC standards such as following procedures, working safely and making accurate observations. Without a complete lab book, you may risk not achieving the endorsement.
AQA 化学有一个独立的实践技能认证，通过通用实践评估标准（CPAC）进行评估。你的实验记录本是老师判断你是否达到 CPAC 标准（例如遵循步骤、安全工作、准确观察）的主要证据。如果没有完整的实验记录本，你可能无法获得该认证。
Written exam papers also contain practical-based questions. Many of these ask you to describe how you would record data, calculate errors or evaluate a method. A lab book kept with clear headings, tables and conclusions gives you a bank of real examples to revise from.
笔试中也会出现基于实验的题目。许多题目要求你描述如何记录数据、计算误差或评价方法。一本包含清晰标题、表格和结论的实验记录本，为你提供了复习所需的大量真实案例。
2. Setting up the lab book: structure and layout | 设置实验记录本：结构与格式
Use a bound notebook rather than loose sheets. Loose sheets can be lost or altered, which weakens the evidence. Write in permanent ink and never remove pages. If you make a mistake, cross it out with a single line so the original entry is still readable.
使用装订好的笔记本，而不是活页纸。活页纸容易丢失或被修改，这会削弱证据效力。用不可擦除的墨水书写，不要撕掉页面。如果写错了，用单线划掉，让原始内容仍然可读。
Every experiment should begin on a new page with the date, title, aim and a reference to the relevant AQA required practical. Number the pages and keep a contents page at the front. This makes it easy for your teacher to find evidence and for you to revise.
每个实验应从新的一页开始，写明日期、标题、目的和相关 AQA 必修实验编号。给页面编号，并在前面设置目录页。这样便于老师查找证据，也便于自己复习。
A useful layout is: date, title, aim, risk assessment, apparatus list, method, results table, observations, analysis, graph, conclusion and evaluation. Keeping this order consistently will make every practical record complete.
一个实用的排版顺序是：日期、标题、目的、风险评估、仪器清单、方法、结果表、观察记录、分析、图表、结论和评估。保持这一顺序，能让每份实验记录都很完整。
3. Recording aims, hypothesis and variables | 记录目的、假设和变量
Write the aim as a precise statement of what you are measuring or investigating. For example, 'To determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide by titration with 0.100 mol dm⁻³ hydrochloric acid' is better than a vague 'to do a titration'.
目的要写成对你正在测量或研究内容的准确陈述。例如，“用 0.100 mol dm⁻³ 盐酸滴定来测定氢氧化钠溶液的浓度”就比模糊的“做滴定”更好。
Identify the independent variable, dependent variable and control variables before you begin. In the titration example, the independent variable is the volume of acid added, the dependent variable is the volume of alkali used, and controls include concentration of acid and indicator type.
开始前要确定自变量、因变量和控制变量。在滴定例子中，自变量是加入酸的体积，因变量是所用碱的体积，控制变量包括酸的浓度和指示剂类型。
You can record these in a short list or table. This helps you design a method and makes it clear in your lab book which quantity you are changing and which you are measuring.
你可以用简短的列表或表格记录这些变量。这有助于你设计方法，并在实验记录本中清楚地说明哪个量在改变，哪个量在测量。
4. Risk assessment and safety notes | 风险评估与安全记录
AQA CPAC requires you to work safely. Before each practical, record the main hazards, the precautions you will take and how to dispose of waste. Common hazards in A-level chemistry include strong acids, alkalis, flammable organic solvents and toxic gases.
AQA CPAC 要求你安全操作。在每个实验前，记录主要危险、你将采取的预防措施以及废物处理方法。A Level 化学中常见的危险包括强酸、强碱、易燃有机溶剂和有毒气体。
For example, when using cyclohexane in a distillation, note that it is highly flammable and must be kept away from naked flames. Use a water bath or electric heater instead of a Bunsen burner. Record this in your own words, not just copied from a worksheet.
例如，在蒸馏中使用环己烷时，要注意它高度易燃，必须远离明火。使用水浴或电热器代替本生灯。用你自己的话记录这些内容，而不是只从讲义上抄写。
Risk assessment can be written as a table with columns for hazard, risk and control measure. This shows the examiner that you understand the reasons behind safety rules.
风险评估可以写成表格，列包括危险、风险和控制措施。这向考官表明你理解安全规则背后的原因。
5. Method and apparatus: writing reproducible procedures | 方法与仪器：写出可重复的步骤
Record the actual method you used, including apparatus and quantities. Do not simply stick in a printed worksheet; write a concise numbered procedure that another student could follow. Include key details such as volumes, masses, temperatures and times.
记录你实际使用的步骤，包括仪器和用量。不要只是贴上打印的讲义；写一个简明编号的步骤，让其他学生也能照着做。包括体积、质量、温度和时间等关键细节。
For example, 'Transfer 25.0 cm³ of sodium hydroxide solution into a conical flask using a 25.0 cm³ pipette' is much more useful than 'put alkali in flask'. Mention the precision of apparatus where relevant.
例如，“用 25.0 cm³ 移液管将 25.0 cm³ 氢氧化钠溶液转移到锥形瓶中”比“把碱倒入烧瓶”有用得多。在相关的地方注明仪器的精度。
If your actual method differed from the planned method, record the change and state why. This is good scientific practice and often earns credit in evaluation questions.
如果你的实际步骤与计划步骤不同，记录变化并说明原因。这是良好的科学实践做法，也常常能在评估题中获得分数。
6. Raw data tables and recording observations | 原始数据表与观察记录
Draw results tables before you start the experiment. Put quantity and unit in the header of each column, not next to every value. For example, use 'Temperature / °C' and 'Time / s'. Record data to the resolution of the instrument.
在实验开始前画好结果表。将物理量和单位写在每列的表头中，而不是写在每个数值旁边。例如，写“温度 / °C”和“时间 / s”。按仪器的分辨率记录数据。
Record qualitative observations as soon as they happen. Include colour changes, precipitate formation, gas evolution and any unexpected observations. These are often as important as numerical data in organic and inorganic tests.
观察到的定性现象要立即记录下来。包括颜色变化、沉淀生成、气体放出以及任何意外现象。在有机和无机检验中，这些往往和数值数据同样重要。
| Time / s | Temperature / °C | Observation |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 22.0 | colourless solution |
| 30 | 29.5 | bubbles forming |
| 60 | 34.0 | white precipitate appears |
Never edit or erase raw data. If a value seems anomalous, mark it clearly and repeat the measurement if possible. Your teacher needs to see every original result to judge reliability.
切勿修改或擦除原始数据。如果某个数值看起来异常，要清楚标出，并在可能时重新测量。老师需要看到所有原始结果来判断可靠性。
7. Uncertainties, errors and significant figures | 不确定度、误差与有效数字
he nearest 0.1 cm³. For a thermometer marked every 1 °C, the uncertainty is often ±0.5 °C.
每个测量都有不确定度。对于滴定管读数，不确定度通常为 ±0.05 cm³，因为你读到最接近的 0.1 cm³。对于分度值为 1 °C 的温度计，不确定度通常为 ±0.5 °C。
Calculate percentage uncertainty using the equation below. This is especially important for titration and enthalpy practicals in AQA Chemistry.
用下面的公式计算百分比不确定度。这在 AQA 化学的滴定和焓变实验中尤其重要。
percentage uncertainty = (absolute uncertainty ÷ measured value) × 100%
has an uncertainty of ±0.05 cm³, the percentage uncertainty is (0.05 ÷ 25.0) × 100 = 0.20%.
所有计算值都要记录到正确的有效数字位数。例如，若滴定体积为 25.0 cm³，不确定度为 ±0.05 cm³，则百分比不确定度为 (0.05 ÷ 25.0) × 100 = 0.20%。
Distinguish between systematic and random errors. Systematic errors, such as a faulty balance, shift all results in one direction. Random errors, such as judging the end point of a titration, vary unpredictably.
区分系统误差和随机误差。系统误差（如天平故障）会使所有结果朝一个方向偏移。随机误差（如判断滴定终点）则不可预测地波动。
8. Graph plotting and data analysis | 绘制图表与数据分析
Draw graphs in pencil using at least half of the paper. Plot the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis. Label both axes with quantity and unit, for example 'Temperature / °C'.
用铅笔绘制图表，至少使用半张纸。将自变量画在 x 轴，因变量画在 y 轴。两个坐标轴都要标注物理量和单位，例如“温度 / °C”。
Use a sensible scale that goes up in equal steps, such as 1, 2, 5 or 10 units per square. Do not connect points dot-to-dot unless the question asks for a curve. For linear relationships, draw a best-fit straight line.
使用合理的刻度，按等距递增，例如每格表示 1、2、5 或 10 个单位。除非题目要求曲线，否则不要把点逐点连接。对于线性关系，画一条最佳拟合直线。
Look for anomalous points that lie far from the best-fit line. Circle them and repeat the measurement if possible. From the gradient of a straight-line graph you can often calculate quantities such as activation energy or rate.
找出远离最佳拟合线的异常点。将它们圈出，并在可能时重新测量。通过直线的斜率，你通常可以计算活化能或速率等物理量。
9. Conclusions and evaluation | 结论与评估
Write a conclusion that directly answers the aim. State whether your results support the prediction or whether the measured value agrees with a literature value within experimental uncertainty. Avoid repeating all the data.
写一个直接回答实验目的的结论。说明你的结果是否支持预测，或者测量值是否在实验不确定度范围内与文献值一致。不要重复所有数据。
Evaluate the method by identifying at least two sources of error and their effects on the result. For example, heat loss in a calorimetry experiment lowers the measured temperature change, making the enthalpy change less negative than expected.
评价方法时，至少找出两个误差来源及其对结果的影响。例如，量热实验中热量损失会使测得的温度变化偏小，从而使焓变不如预期的那样负。
Suggest realistic improvements, such as using a lid on the calorimeter or insulating the beaker. AQA examiners reward improvements that are specific to the experiment, not generic statements like 'be more careful'.
提出切实可行的改进建议，例如给量热计加一个盖子或对烧杯做保温处理。AQA 考官青睐针对具体实验的改进，而不是“更小心”之类的空泛说法。
10. Practical endorsement and CPAC evidence | 实践认证与 CPAC 证据
The AQA Practical Endorsement is assessed under five CPAC criteria: following written procedures, applying investigative approaches, safely using equipment, making and recording observations, and researching and referencing. Your lab book needs to contain evidence for each of these.
AQA 实践技能认证按照五项 CPAC 标准评估：遵循书面步骤、应用探究方法、安全使用仪器、进行并记录观察，以及研究和引用资料。你的实验记录本需要包含每项标准的证据。
For example, a full write-up with a clear method, completed risk assessment, results table, observations and evaluation can provide evidence for all five criteria. Keep every page, even if the experiment did not work perfectly.
例如，一份包含清晰方法、完整风险评估、结果表、观察记录和评估的完整实验报告，就可以为全部五项标准提供证据。即使实验不完美，也要保留每一页。
Your teacher may sign and date certain skills once they have seen them. Do not leave gaps in your lab book, because missing evidence may mean the practical endorsement cannot be awarded.
老师看到某些技能后，可能会在记录本上签名并注明日期。不要在实验记录本中留下空白，因为缺少证据可能导致无法获得实践认证。
11. Exam links: practical-based questions | 考试联系：基于实验的题目
Many AQA Chemistry exam questions test practical skills without you being in the lab. They may ask you to identify variables, suggest a control, calculate percentage uncertainty or explain why a method gives a larger titre.
许多 AQA 化学考试题目在不进入实验室的情况下测试实验技能。它们可能要求你识别变量、提出对照实验、计算百分比不确定度或解释为什么某种方法得到的滴定体积偏大。
Your lab book is a revision resource full of real examples. When you revise, practise converting your records into exam-style answers: for example, 'How would you reduce random error in this titration?' or 'What is the purpose of rinsing the burette?'
你的实验记录本是充满真实案例的复习资源。复习时，练习将记录转化为考试风格的答案，例如：“如何减少该滴定中的随机误差？”或“冲洗滴定管的目的是什么？”
Regularly reviewing your lab book improves your ability to answer these questions quickly. Pay special attention to required practicals 1 to 12, as these are frequently used as contexts in written papers.
定期复习实验记录本能提高你快速回答这类问题的能力。特别注意必修实验 1 至 12，因为它们经常作为笔试题目的背景出现。
12. Common mistakes and final checklist | 常见错误与最终检查清单
Common mistakes include writing units in every data cell instead of the header, using pencil for raw data, forgetting to record qualitative observations, and not labelling graph axes. These small errors reduce the quality of your evidence.
常见错误包括在每个数据格中写单位而不是写在表头、用铅笔记录原始数据、忘记记录定性观察以及不标注图轴。这些小错误会降低证据的质量。
Another common error is recording only the final result and not the repeated measurements. Always show repeats so that a mean can be calculated and reliability assessed.
另一个常见错误是只记录最终结果而不记录重复测量结果。一定要展示重复测量值，这样才可以计算平均值并评估可靠性。
Before you leave a practical, check that you have: date, title, aim, risk assessment, apparatus list, method, results table with units, observations, graph where appropriate, conclusion and evaluation. If any part is missing, complete it as soon as possible.
完成实验前，检查你是否已经包含：日期、标题、目的、风险评估、仪器清单、方法、带单位的结果表、观察记录、适当的图表、结论和评估。如果缺少任何部分，请尽快补上。
A consistent, honest and detailed lab book is one of the best tools for success in AQA A-level Chemistry. It supports your learning, your practical endorsement and your exam performance.
一本始终如一、诚实且详细的实验记录本，是你在 AQA A Level 化学中取得成功的最佳工具之一。它支持你的学习、实践认证和考试表现。
Published by TutorHao | Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图