📚 Quadratic Equations for IGCSE: Solving by Factorising, Completing the Square and the Quadratic Formula | IGCSE 二次方程:因式分解、配方法与求根公式
A quadratic equation is one of the most important topics in the IGCSE Mathematics syllabus. It appears in algebra, graph sketching, problem solving and even in applied questions such as area and projectile motion. This article explains the standard form, the three core solution methods, the discriminant, and common exam traps in a clear, bilingual way.
二次方程是 IGCSE 数学大纲中最重要的主题之一。它出现在代数、函数图像、实际问题求解以及面积和抛体运动等应用题中。本文以清晰的中英双语方式解释二次方程的标准式、三种核心解法、判别式以及常见考试陷阱。
1. What Is a Quadratic Equation? | 什么是二次方程?
d a ≠ 0. The highest power of the unknown x is 2, so a quadratic equation usually has two solutions. These solutions are also called roots.
二次方程是任何可以写成 ax² + bx + c = 0 形式的方程,其中 a、b 和 c 是常数,且 a ≠ 0。未知数 x 的最高次数是 2,因此二次方程通常有两个解。这些解也称为根。
of x is 2. The equation x³ + 2x² − 1 = 0 is not quadratic because it contains an x³ term.
例如,x² − 5x + 6 = 0 是二次方程,因为 x 的最高次数是 2。方程 x³ + 2x² − 1 = 0 不是二次方程,因为它含有 x³ 项。
2. Standard Form and Coefficients | 标准式与系数
called the quadratic coefficient, b is the linear coefficient, and c is the constant term. Writing the equation in standard form is essential before using the quadratic formula or the discriminant.
二次方程的标准式是 ax² + bx + c = 0。在这种形式中,a 称为二次项系数,b 称为一次项系数,c 称为常数项。在使用求根公式或判别式之前,必须先把方程写成标准式。
= −2. Always remember to move every term to one side and set the other side equal to zero.
例如,3x − 2 = −x² 可以移项为 x² + 3x − 2 = 0,因此 a = 1,b = 3,c = −2。一定要记住把所有项移到一边,并让另一边等于 0。
3. Solving by Factorising | 因式分解法
Factorising is often the fastest method when the quadratic expression can be written as a product of two linear brackets. For a simple quadratic of the form x² + bx + c, look for two numbers that multiply to c and add to b.
当二次式可以写成两个一次括号的乘积时,因式分解法通常是最快的方法。对于 x² + bx + c 形式的简单二次式,要寻找两个数,使它们相乘等于 c,相加等于 b。
are −3 and −4, so x² − 7x + 12 = (x − 3)(x − 4). The equation becomes (x − 3)(x − 4) = 0.
例题:解 x² − 7x + 12 = 0。我们需要两个数,乘积为 12,和为 −7。这两个数是 −3 和 −4,因此 x² − 7x + 12 = (x − 3)(x − 4)。方程变为 (x − 3)(x − 4) = 0。
splitting the middle term or trial and error to factorise. 2x² + 5x − 3 = (2x − 1)(x + 3).
如果首项系数不是 1,例如 2x² + 5x − 3,你可以使用裂项法或试错法进行因式分解。2x² + 5x − 3 = (2x − 1)(x + 3)。
4. The Zero Product Property | 零乘积性质
either A = 0 or B = 0. This gives the individual linear equations that produce the roots.
一旦二次方程写成因式乘积等于 0 的形式,我们就使用零乘积性质。如果 A × B = 0,那么要么 A = 0,要么 B = 0。由此得到产生根的一次方程。
or x − 4 = 0. Therefore x = 3 or x = 4. These are the two roots of the original equation.
在前面的例子中,(x − 3)(x − 4) = 0 意味着 x − 3 = 0 或 x − 4 = 0。因此 x = 3 或 x = 4。这就是原方程的两个根。
immediately set x − 1 = 3 or x + 2 = 3. You must expand and rearrange to equal zero first.
在应用这一性质之前,务必检查等号右边是否为 0。如果 (x − 1)(x + 2) = 3,就不能直接令 x − 1 = 3 或 x + 2 = 3。你必须先展开并整理为等于 0 的形式。
5. Completing the Square | 配方法
Completing the square is a powerful method because it works for every quadratic equation and also gives the turning point of the parabola. The idea is to rewrite ax² + bx + c in the form a(x + p)² + q.
配方法是一种强大的方法,因为它适用于所有二次方程,同时还能给出抛物线的顶点。其核心思想是把 ax² + bx + c 写成 a(x + p)² + q 的形式。
e bracket: (x² − 6x + 9) − 9 + 5 = (x − 3)² − 4. So the equation becomes (x − 3)² − 4 = 0.
例题:解 x² − 6x + 5 = 0。先写成 x² − 6x + 5 = (x² − 6x) + 5。−6 的一半是 −3,而 (−3)² = 9。在括号内加减 9:(x² − 6x + 9) − 9 + 5 = (x − 3)² − 4。因此方程变为 (x − 3)² − 4 = 0。
Then (x − 3)² = 4. Taking the square root of both sides gives x − 3 = ±√4, so x − 3 = ±2. Therefore x = 3 + 2 = 5 or x = 3 − 2 = 1.
然后 (x − 3)² = 4。两边开平方得到 x − 3 = ±√4,因此 x − 3 = ±2。所以 x = 3 + 2 = 5 或 x = 3 − 2 = 1。
+ 6 = 0 can be written as 2(x² + 4x) + 6 = 0, then complete the square inside the bracket.
当 x² 的系数不是 1 时,可以先用 a 除以每一项,或者从含有 x 的项中提出 a。例如,2x² + 8x + 6 = 0 可以写成 2(x² + 4x) + 6 = 0,然后在括号内完成配方。
6. The Quadratic Formula | 求根公式
x + c = 0 directly. It is especially useful when the expression does not factorise easily.
求根公式可以直接给出任何二次方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 的根。当表达式不容易因式分解时,求根公式特别有用。
x = (-b ± √b² - 4ac) / (2a)
into the formula: x = (-3 ± √(3² - 4 × 2 × (−2))) / (2 × 2). This simplifies to x = (-3 ± √9 + 16) / 4 = (-3 ± √25) / 4 = (-3 ± 5) / 4.
例题:解 2x² + 3x − 2 = 0。这里 a = 2,b = 3,c = −2。代入公式:x = (-3 ± √(3² - 4 × 2 × (−2))) / (2 × 2)。化简后 x = (-3 ± √9 + 16) / 4 = (-3 ± √25) / 4 = (-3 ± 5) / 4。
2. Taking the minus sign gives x = (−8) / 4 = −2. So the two roots are x = 1/2 and x = −2.
取正号得到 x = 2 / 4 = 1/2。取负号得到 x = −8 / 4 = −2。因此两个根是 x = 1/2 和 x = −2。
| Method | 方法 | When to Use | 何时使用 | Advantage | 优点 |
| Factorising | 因式分解法 | When the quadratic factors easily | 当二次式容易因式分解时 | Fast and simple | 快速简单 |
| Completing the square | 配方法 | When you need the vertex or exact roots | 当需要顶点或精确根时 | Also gives turning point | 同时给出顶点 |
| Quadratic formula | 求根公式 | Always works, especially for awkward coefficients | 总是可用,尤其是系数较复杂时 | Direct and reliable | 直接可靠 |
7. The Discriminant | 判别式
The expression b² − 4ac inside the square root of the quadratic formula is called the discriminant. It tells you how many real roots a quadratic equation has without actually solving it.
求根公式中根号内的表达式 b² − 4ac 称为判别式。它可以在不实际求解的情况下告诉我们二次方程有多少个实数根。
d real root. If it is less than zero, b² − 4ac < 0, there are no real roots, only complex roots.
如果判别式大于 0,即 b² − 4ac > 0,则有两个不相等的实数根。如果判别式等于 0,即 b² − 4ac = 0,则只有一个重复的实数根。如果判别式小于 0,即 b² − 4ac < 0,则没有实数根,只有复数根。
riminant is (−6)² − 4 × 1 × 9 = 36 − 36 = 0, so the equation has one repeated root: x = 3.
例如,x² − 6x + 9 = 0 中 a = 1,b = −6,c = 9。判别式为 (−6)² − 4 × 1 × 9 = 36 − 36 = 0,因此该方程只有一个重复根:x = 3。
8. Graphical Interpretation | 图像解释
point. The x-intercepts of the graph are the real roots of the equation ax² + bx + c = 0.
y = ax² + bx + c 的图像是一条抛物线。如果 a > 0,抛物线开口向上,有一个最低点。如果 a < 0,抛物线开口向下,有一个最高点。图像与 x 轴的交点就是方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 的实数根。
f the discriminant is positive, the parabola crosses the x-axis twice. If it is zero, the parabola touches the x-axis once. If it is negative, the parabola does not cross the x-axis at all.
顶点(也叫转折点)的 x 坐标为 x = −b / (2a)。如果判别式为正,抛物线与 x 轴相交两次。如果判别式为 0,抛物线与 x 轴相切一次。如果判别式为负,抛物线与 x 轴不相交。
has x-coordinate x = −(−4) / (2 × 1) = 2, and its y-coordinate is y = 2² − 4 × 2 + 3 = −1.
例题:y = x² − 4x + 3 的根是 x = 1 和 x = 3,因此它的图像在 (1, 0) 和 (3, 0) 处穿过 x 轴。顶点的 x 坐标为 x = −(−4) / (2 × 1) = 2,其 y 坐标为 y = 2² − 4 × 2 + 3 = −1。
9. Common Mistakes | 常见错误
ple, in 3x = x² + 2, you must rearrange it to x² − 3x + 2 = 0, so a = 1, b = −3 and c = 2.
一个常见错误是在识别 a、b、c 之前忘记把方程写成标准式。例如,在 3x = x² + 2 中,你必须先移项为 x² − 3x + 2 = 0,因此 a = 1,b = −3,c = 2。
Another frequent error is using the zero product property when the right-hand side is not zero. Always set the equation equal to zero before factorising and solving.
另一个常见错误是在方程右边不为 0 时使用零乘积性质。在因式分解和求解之前,一定要先把方程设为等于 0。
Students also often make sign errors when substituting negative values into the quadratic formula. Write b and c with their signs, and use brackets around negative numbers to avoid mistakes.
学生在把负数代入求根公式时也常出现符号错误。应带着符号写出 b 和 c,并在负数周围使用括号以避免错误。
10. Exam Tips | 考试技巧
In an IGCSE exam, always show your method clearly. Even if your final answer is wrong, method marks can be awarded for correct substitution into the formula or correct factorisation.
在 IGCSE 考试中,一定要清晰地展示解题步骤。即使最终答案错误,正确代入公式或正确因式分解仍可获得方法分。
= 2 is a root of x² − 3x + 2 = 0, check: 2² − 3 × 2 + 2 = 4 − 6 + 2 = 0, so it is correct.
一定要将根代回原方程进行检验。例如,如果你认为 x = 2 是 x² − 3x + 2 = 0 的根,请检验:2² − 3 × 2 + 2 = 4 − 6 + 2 = 0,所以正确。
If the question asks for exact answers, leave your answer in surd form, such as x = (−2 ± √7) / 3.
当题目要求答案保留给定精度(如 3 位有效数字)时,可以使用求根公式和计算器。如果题目要求精确答案,请将答案保留为根式形式,例如 x = (−2 ± √7) / 3。
11. Solving Problems in Context | 情境问题求解
ting up the equation (x + 5)(x − 1) = 24 leads to x² + 4x − 5 = 24, then x² + 4x − 29 = 0.
二次方程经常隐藏在文字题中。例如,一个矩形的面积为 24 cm²,长为 (x + 5) cm,宽为 (x − 1) cm。建立方程 (x + 5)(x − 1) = 24 后得到 x² + 4x − 5 = 24,进一步得到 x² + 4x − 29 = 0。
After solving, check that the value of x makes sense in the real-life context. Negative lengths or times are usually rejected even if they are valid algebraic roots.
求解之后,要检验 x 的值在实际情境中是否有意义。负的长度或时间通常要舍去,尽管它们在代数上是有效的根。
12. Summary and Key Revision Points | 总结与重点复习
hod, and check your roots. Factorising is quick for simple cases, completing the square gives the vertex, and the quadratic formula always works.
要在 IGCSE 中掌握二次方程,请记住标准式 ax² + bx + c = 0,选择最有效的方法,并检验根。简单情况下因式分解最快,配方法能给出顶点,而求根公式总是有效。
rcepts are the real roots. Practise mixed questions under timed conditions to build both speed and accuracy.
判别式 b² − 4ac 决定根的性质。y = ax² + bx + c 的图像是一条抛物线,其与 x 轴的交点就是实数根。请在计时条件下练习混合题型,以提高速度和准确率。
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