📚 T-K-1046: Quadratic Equations | 一元二次方程
This revision guide covers quadratic equations, a core IGCSE Mathematics topic. You will learn how to recognise a quadratic equation, solve it by factorising, completing the square and using the quadratic formula, and interpret its graph. These skills are essential for both Paper 1 and Paper 2, and they form the foundation for higher-level algebra, functions and calculus.
本复习指南涵盖二次方程这一 IGCSE 数学核心主题。你将学习如何识别二次方程,如何用因式分解法、配方法和求根公式求解,并理解其图像。这些技能对 Paper 1 和 Paper 2 都至关重要,也是高阶代数、函数与微积分的基础。
1. What Is a Quadratic Equation? | 什么是二次方程?
uation becomes linear rather than quadratic, so the methods in this guide no longer apply.
二次方程是任何可以写成标准形式 ax² + bx + c = 0 的方程,其中 a、b、c 为常数且 a ≠ 0。未知数 x 的最高次数是 2。如果 a = 0,方程就变成一次方程,而不是二次方程,因此本指南中的方法不再适用。
is important to keep the minus sign attached to the coefficient when identifying b. Missing the sign is one of the most common IGCSE errors.
例如,3x² − 5x + 2 = 0 是一个二次方程,其中 a = 3,b = −5,c = 2。确定 b 时必须保留负号。丢失负号是 IGCSE 最常见的错误之一。
- Standard form: ax² + bx + c = 0, with a ≠ 0. / 标准形式:ax² + bx + c = 0,且 a ≠ 0。
- The coefficient of x² must not be zero. / x² 的系数不能为零。
2. Solving by Factorising | 因式分解法
. For example, x² + 7x + 10 = 0 factorises to (x + 2)(x + 5) = 0, giving x = −2 or x = −5.
当二次表达式可以写成两个一次括号的乘积时,就可以使用因式分解法。分解后令每个括号等于零并求解。例如,x² + 7x + 10 = 0 可分解为 (x + 2)(x + 5) = 0,得到 x = −2 或 x = −5。
or instance, 2x² + 5x − 3 = 0 can be written as (2x − 1)(x + 3) = 0, so x = 1/2 or x = −3.
一定要展开括号检查因式分解是否正确。如果原式中 a ≠ 1,可使用试错分组法或 ac 方法。例如,2x² + 5x − 3 = 0 可以写成 (2x − 1)(x + 3) = 0,所以 x = 1/2 或 x = −3。
(x + p)(x + q) = x² + (p + q)x + pq
- Set each bracket equal to zero after factorising. / 因式分解后令每个括号等于零。
- Check by expanding the bracket product. / 通过展开括号乘积进行检查。
3. Solving by Completing the Square | 配方法
0, write x² + 6x as (x + 3)² − 9, so the equation becomes (x + 3)² − 7 = 0. Then x + 3 = ±√7, so x = −3 ± √7.
配方法将二次方程改写为 (x + p)² + q = 0 的形式。当二次式不容易因式分解时,这种方法尤其有用。例如 x² + 6x + 2 = 0,把 x² + 6x 写成 (x + 3)² − 9,于是方程变为 (x + 3)² − 7 = 0。然后 x + 3 = ±√7,所以 x = −3 ± √7。
s 2(x² + 4x) + 3 = 0, then 2[(x + 2)² − 4] + 3 = 0, which simplifies to 2(x + 2)² − 5 = 0.
当 a ≠ 1 时,应先将 a 从前两项中提出,再完成配方。例如,2x² + 8x + 3 = 0 变为 2(x² + 4x) + 3 = 0,然后为 2[(x + 2)² − 4] + 3 = 0,化简得 2(x + 2)² − 5 = 0。
x² + bx = (x + b/2)² − b²/4
- Use completing the square when factorising is difficult. / 当因式分解困难时使用配方法。
- Keep the equation balanced by adding and subtracting the same value. / 通过加减同一个值保持方程平衡。
4. The Quadratic Formula | 求根公式
ves any quadratic equation, including those that cannot be factorised. It states x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) ÷ 2a. Always write down a, b and c before substituting, and pay close attention to negative coefficients.
求根公式可以解任何二次方程,包括无法因式分解的方程。公式为 x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) ÷ 2a。代入前一定要先写出 a、b 和 c,并格外注意负系数。
For example, in 3x² − 4x − 2 = 0, a = 3, b = −4, c = −2. Substituting gives x = (4 ± √16 + 24) ÷ 6 = (4 ± √40) ÷ 6 = (4 ± 2√10) ÷ 6 = (2 ± √10) ÷ 3.
例如,在 3x² − 4x − 2 = 0 中,a = 3,b = −4,c = −2。代入后得到 x = (4 ± √16 + 24) ÷ 6 = (4 ± √40) ÷ 6 = (4 ± 2√10) ÷ 6 = (2 ± √10) ÷ 3。
x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) ÷ 2a
| Equation / 方程 | a | b | c |
| 2x² + 3x − 5 = 0 | 2 | 3 | −5 |
5. The Discriminant | 判别式
real roots. If Δ = 0, there is one repeated real root. If Δ < 0, there are no real roots.
判别式 Δ = b² − 4ac 可以判断二次方程有多少个实数根。如果 Δ > 0,有两个不相等的实数根。如果 Δ = 0,有一个重根。如果 Δ < 0,没有实数根。
This is useful before solving because it tells you what type of answer to expect. It also links to graphs: when Δ < 0, the parabola does not cross the x-axis, so the equation has no real solutions.
这在求解之前很有用,因为它能让你知道答案的类型。它还与图像有关联:当 Δ < 0 时,抛物线不与 x 轴相交,因此方程没有实数解。
| Discriminant value / 判别式值 | Number of real roots / 实数根数量 |
| Δ > 0 | Two distinct real roots / 两个不相等的实数根 |
| Δ = 0 | One repeated root / 一个重根 |
| Δ < 0 | No real roots / 没有实数根 |
6. Graphical Interpretation | 图像理解
of the equation ax² + bx + c = 0 are the x-coordinates where the graph crosses the x-axis.
y = ax² + bx + c 的图像是一条抛物线。如果 a > 0,抛物线开口向上;如果 a < 0,开口向下。方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 的根就是图像与 x 轴交点的横坐标。
he vertex is the turning point, and its y-coordinate can be found by substituting this x-value back into the equation.
对称轴是通过顶点的竖直直线。对于 y = ax² + bx + c,对称轴为 x = −b ÷ 2a。顶点是转折点,将其 x 值代入原方程即可求得顶点的 y 坐标。
Axis of symmetry: x = −b ÷ 2a
- Roots are the x-intercepts of the graph. / 根是图像与 x 轴的交点。
- The vertex lies on the axis of symmetry. / 顶点位于对称轴上。
7. Applications and Word Problems | 二次方程的应用与文字题
Quadratic equations often appear in area, projectile and profit problems. Identify the unknown, form an equation, then solve. Always reject solutions that do not make sense in context, such as negative lengths or negative time.
二次方程常出现在面积、抛体运动和利润问题中。先设未知数,建立方程,再求解。一定要舍去不符合实际意义的解,例如负数长度或负时间。
+ 2x − 48 = 0. Solving gives x = 6 or x = −8. Reject −8, so width = 6 m and length = 8 m.
示例:矩形面积为 48 m²,长比宽多 2 m。设宽为 x,则长为 x + 2。于是 x(x + 2) = 48,得到 x² + 2x − 48 = 0。解得 x = 6 或 x = −8。舍去 −8,因此宽为 6 m,长为 8 m。
ives t² − 4t − 5 = 0, so (t − 5)(t + 1) = 0. Since time cannot be negative, t = 5 seconds.
抛体运动问题常使用高度方程,如 h = −t² + 4t + 5。要求高度为零的时间,解 −t² + 4t + 5 = 0。两边乘以 −1 得 t² − 4t − 5 = 0,所以 (t − 5)(t + 1) = 0。由于时间不能为负,所以 t = 5 秒。
8. Common Mistakes | 常见错误
s using the quadratic formula when a = 0, which makes the denominator zero and is invalid.
常见错误包括代入求根公式时丢失负号、除法出错、因式分解后忘记令每个因式等于零。另一个错误是在 a = 0 时使用求根公式,这会使分母为零,公式无效。
= 0. Instead, rewrite as x² − 5x = 0 and factorise to x(x − 5) = 0, giving x = 0 or x = 5.
除非你确定 x ≠ 0,否则不要在方程两边约去 x。如果你从 x² = 5x 中约去 x,就会丢失解 x = 0。正确做法是改写为 x² − 5
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