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Mastering Quadratic Equations: Factorising, Completing the Square and the Quadratic Formula | 掌握二次方程:因式分解、配方法与求根公式

2026-08-21 18:59 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Mastering Quadratic Equations: Factorising, Completing the Square and the Quadratic Formula | 掌握二次方程:因式分解、配方法与求根公式

Quadratic equations sit at the heart of the IGCSE Mathematics syllabus. They appear in algebra, graph sketching, geometry and real-world modelling. This revision guide explains how to recognise a quadratic, solve it by factorising, completing the square and the quadratic formula, and how to interpret the discriminant and graph.

二次方程是 IGCSE 数学大纲的核心内容。它们出现在代数、图像绘制、几何与实际建模中。本复习指南将讲解如何识别二次方程,用因式分解法、配方法和求根公式求解,以及如何理解判别式和图像。


1. What Is a Quadratic Equation? | 什么是二次方程?

constants and a ≠ 0. If a = 0, the equation becomes linear, so it is no longer quadratic.

二次方程是次数为 2 的多项式方程。它包含一个最高次数为 2 的变量。一般形式为 ax² + bx + c = 0,其中 a、b 和 c 是常数,且 a ≠ 0。如果 a = 0,方程就变成了一次方程,因此不再是二次方程。


2. Standard Form and Key Vocabulary | 标准形式与关键术语

s called the leading coefficient, b is the coefficient of x, and c is the constant term. A quadratic can have two real roots, one repeated root, or no real roots.

为了高效使用大多数方法,先把方程写成标准形式:ax² + bx + c = 0。系数 a 称为首项系数,b 是 x 的系数,c 是常数项。二次方程可能有两个实根、一个重复根,或没有实根。

Term | 术语Meaning | 含义Example | 例子
Leading coefficient | 首项系数The number a in ax² + bx + c | ax² + bx + c 中的 aIn 3x² + 2x − 5, a = 3
Constant term | 常数项The number c with no x factor | 没有 x 因子的数 cIn 3x² + 2x − 5, c = −5
Root | 根A value of x that makes the equation true | 使方程成立的 x 值x = 1 is a root of x² − 1 = 0

3. Solving by Factorising | 因式分解法

e left-hand side, then apply the zero-product property: if A × B = 0, then A = 0 or B = 0.

当二次方程有有理根时,因式分解通常是最快的方法。将方程写成标准形式后,对左边进行因式分解,然后使用零乘积性质:如果 A × B = 0,则 A = 0 或 B = 0。

x² + 5x + 6 = 0 → (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0 → x = −2 or x = −3

e middle term, factor by grouping, and obtain (2x + 1)(x − 2) = 0, giving x = −½ or x = 2.

以一个更难的例子为例,解 2x² − 3x − 2 = 0。我们寻找两个数,它们的积是 2 × (−2) = −4,和是 −3。这两个数是 −4 和 1,因此拆分中间项,分组分解,得到 (2x + 1)(x − 2) = 0,从而 x = −½ 或 x = 2。


4. Special Factorising Cases: Difference of Two Squares | 特殊因式分解:平方差

e solved quickly without a middle term. This pattern often appears in IGCSE exam questions involving algebraic fractions or hidden quadratics.

识别平方差公式 a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b)。像 x² − 16 = 0 这样的方程可以快速求解,无须中间项。该模式常出现在 IGCSE 考试中,涉及代数分式或隐藏二次方程。

x² − 25 = 0 → (x − 5)(x + 5) = 0 → x = ±5

res with coefficients. For example, 9x² − 4 = 0 becomes (3x − 2)(3x + 2) = 0, so x = ±2/3.

同样的思路也适用于两项都是带系数的完全平方的情况。例如,9x² − 4 = 0 可化为 (3x − 2)(3x + 2) = 0,所以 x = ±2/3。


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5. Solving by Completing the Square | 配方法

Completing the square rewrites a quadratic in the form (x + p)² + q. It is essential for deriving the quadratic formula, finding the vertex of a parabola, and solving equations that do not factorise neatly.

配方法把二次式写成 (x + p)² + q 的形式。它对于推导求根公式、求抛物线的顶点以及求解不能整齐因式分解的方程都非常重要。

+ 9 = −5 + 9, so (x + 3)² = 4. Taking square roots gives x + 3 = ±2, so x = −1 or x = −5.

要解 x² + 6x + 5 = 0,取 6 的一半,即 3,再平方得到 9。然后改写为:x² + 6x + 9 = −5 + 9,因此 (x + 3)² = 4。开平方得到 x + 3 = ±2,所以 x = −1 或 x = −5。

x² + 6x + 5 = 0 → (x + 3)² = 4 → x = −3 ± 2 → x = −1 or x = −5

When a ≠ 1, first divide every term by a or factor a out of the x terms before completing the square.

当 a ≠ 1 时,先对每一项除以 a,或从 x 项中提出 a,再进行配方。


6. Deriving the Quadratic Formula | 推导求根公式

omplete the square and simplify to obtain the quadratic formula. This derivation is a common IGCSE-level proof and helps you understand where the formula comes from.

从 ax² + bx + c = 0 开始。两边除以 a,配方并化简即可得到求根公式。这个推导是 IGCSE 水平常见的证明,帮助你理解公式的来源。

ax² + bx + c = 0 → x² + (b/a)x + c/a = 0 → (x + b/(2a))² = (b² − 4ac)/(4a²) → x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) / (2a)

Notice that the discriminant b² − 4ac appears inside the square root. The sign of this expression controls the type of roots, which is why it is studied separately.

注意判别式 b² − 4ac 出现在平方根内部。这个式子的符号控制着根的类型,因此需要单独研究它。


7. Using the Quadratic Formula | 使用求根公式

The quadratic formula solves any quadratic equation, including those with irrational or complex roots. First identify a, b and c in standard form, substitute carefully, and simplify. Pay close attention to signs when coefficients are negative.

求根公式可以求解任意二次方程,包括具有无理根或复数根的方程。首先在标准形式中确定 a、b 和 c,小心代入并化简。当系数为负时要特别注意符号。

Solve 2x² − 4x − 3 = 0. Here a = 2, b = −4, c = −3. Substitute into the formula: x = (4 ± √16 + 24) / 4 = (4 ± √40) / 4 = (4 ± 2√10) / 4 = (2 ± √10) / 2.

解 2x² − 4x − 3 = 0。这里 a = 2,b = −4,c = −3。代入公式:x = (4 ± √16 + 24) / 4 = (4 ± √40) / 4 = (4 ± 2√10) / 4 = (2 ± √10) / 2。

x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) / (2a)


8. The Discriminant and the Nature of Roots | 判别式与根的性质

ere is exactly one repeated real root. If D < 0, there are no real roots, but two complex roots at advanced level.

判别式为 D = b² − 4ac。它可以在不解方程的情况下判断根的性质。如果 D > 0,有两个不同的实根;如果 D = 0,恰有一个重复实根;如果 D < 0,则没有实根,但在更高层次有两个复数根。

Condition | 条件Nature of roots | 根的性质
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