📚 Quadratic Equations and Graphs for IGCSE Mathematics | IGCSE 数学二次方程与图像
e constants and a ≠ 0. Understanding how to factorise, complete the square, use the quadratic formula and sketch graphs is essential for success in both Core and Extended papers.
二次方程贯穿 IGCSE 数学大纲,在代数与图像题中都经常出现。二次方程是可以写成 ax² + bx + c = 0 形式的方程,其中 a、b、c 为常数,且 a ≠ 0。掌握因式分解、配方法、求根公式以及图像绘制,是通过 Core 与 Extended 试卷的关键。
1. Standard Form and Coefficients | 标准形式与系数
stant term. If a = 0, the equation becomes linear, so quadratics always have a non-zero a.
二次方程通常写成 ax² + bx + c = 0。a 称为二次项系数,b 称为一次项系数,c 是常数项。若 a = 0,方程就变成一次方程,因此二次方程中 a 一定不等于零。
ax² + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0
- Example: 2x² − 5x + 3 = 0 has a = 2, b = −5, c = 3.
- 示例:2x² − 5x + 3 = 0 中 a = 2,b = −5,c = 3。
2. Factorising Monic Quadratics | 二次项系数为 1 的因式分解
y to give c and add to give b. If x² + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q), then p + q = b and pq = c.
当 x² 的系数为 1 时,我们寻找两个数,使它们的积等于 c,和等于 b。若 x² + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q),则 p + q = b,且 pq = c。
x² + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q)
We need two numbers with product 10 and sum 7: 2 and 5, so x² + 7x + 10 = (x + 2)(x + 5).
示例:分解 x² + 7x + 10。需要两个数,积为 10,和为 7:2 和 5,因此 x² + 7x + 10 = (x + 2)(x + 5)。
3. Factorising ax² + bx + c | 一般二次三项式的因式分解
When a ≠ 1, we can use the ac method: multiply a and c, find two numbers that multiply to ac and add to b, then split the middle term and factorise by grouping.
当 a ≠ 1 时,可以使用 ac 法:先把 a 与 c 相乘,找到两个数使它们的积为 ac、和为 b,然后拆分中间项并用分组法因式分解。
ct 6 and sum 7: 6 and 1. Split: 2x² + 6x + x + 3 = 2x(x + 3) + 1(x + 3) = (2x + 1)(x + 3).
示例:分解 2x² + 7x + 3。ac = 2 × 3 = 6,需要积为 6 且和为 7 的两个数:6 和 1。拆分:2x² + 6x + x + 3 = 2x(x + 3) + 1(x + 3) = (2x + 1)(x + 3)。
4. Solving by Factorisation | 因式分解法解方程
= 0. This gives two linear equations and hence two possible solutions, also called roots.
将二次式因式分解后,使用零乘积性质:若 AB = 0,则 A = 0 或 B = 0。由此得到两个一次方程,进而得到两个解,也叫做根。
0 = 0. Factorise as (x − 5)(x + 2) = 0, so x − 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0, giving x = 5 or x = −2.
示例:解 x² − 3x − 10 = 0。因式分解为 (x − 5)(x + 2) = 0,所以 x − 5 = 0 或 x + 2 = 0,解得 x = 5 或 x = −2。
5. Completing the Square | 配方法
Completing the square rewrites x² + bx + c in the form (x + p)² + q. Halve the coefficient of x, square it, and adjust the constant. This form helps find the turning point and solve equations.
配方法将 x² + bx + c 改写为 (x + p)² + q。将 x 的系数除以 2、再平方,并调整常数项。这种形式有助于求图像顶点和解方程。
x² + bx = (x + b ÷ 2)² − (b ÷ 2)²
Example: x² + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)² − 9 + 5 = (x + 3)² − 4.
示例:x² + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)² − 9 + 5 = (x + 3)² − 4。
6. The Quadratic Formula | 求根公式
lutions are given by the formula below. It is especially useful when the quadratic does not factorise neatly.
对于任意二次方程 ax² + bx + c = 0,其解由下面公式给出。当二次式不能整齐因式分解时,该公式尤其有用。
x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) ÷ (2a)
Example: Solve 2x² − 4x − 3 = 0. Here a = 2, b = −4, c = −3
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