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IGCSE Mathematics: Quadratic Equations and Their Graphs | IGCSE 数学:二次方程及其图像

2026-08-21 17:42 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 IGCSE Mathematics: Quadratic Equations and Their Graphs | IGCSE 数学:二次方程及其图像

A quadratic equation is one of the most important topics in the IGCSE Mathematics syllabus. It connects algebra, graphing, inequalities, and real-life modelling. Mastering quadratic equations not only helps you solve standard problems but also builds a strong foundation for advanced algebra.

二次方程是 IGCSE 数学大纲中最重要的主题之一。它把代数、图像、不等式和现实建模联系在一起。掌握二次方程不仅能帮助你解决标准问题,还能为更高级的代数打下扎实基础。

1. What is a quadratic equation? | 什么是二次方程?

f x is 2, so the corresponding function y = ax² + bx + c produces a parabola when graphed.

一元二次方程是可以写成标准形式 ax² + bx + c = 0 的方程,其中 a、b、c 为常数且 a ≠ 0。因为 x 的最高次数是 2,所以对应的函数 y = ax² + bx + c 在作图时会形成一条抛物线。

ax² + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0

In IGCSE questions, you will be asked to solve quadratic equations, sketch their graphs, interpret the discriminant, and apply them to word problems such as projectile motion or area optimisation.

在 IGCSE 题目中,你会被要求解二次方程、绘制其图像、解释判别式,并将其应用于抛体运动或面积优化等文字题。


2. Solving by factorising | 因式分解法

ive 6 and add to give −5. These are −2 and −3, so the equation becomes (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0.

当二次式可以因式分解时,这通常是最快的方法。例如,解 x² − 5x + 6 = 0,找到两个数,它们的乘积为 6,和为 −5。这两个数是 −2 和 −3,因此方程变为 (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0。

pand the brackets as a quick check that the factorised form matches the original quadratic.

利用零乘积性质,每个括号可以设为零:x − 2 = 0 得 x = 2,x − 3 = 0 得 x = 3。始终展开括号作为快速检查,确认因式分解形式与原二次式一致。

x² − 5x + 6 = (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 2 or x = 3


3. Completing the square | 配方法

Completing the square rewrites x² + bx + c in the form (x + p)² + q. This is especially useful for finding the turning point of a graph and for solving quadratics that do not factorise neatly.

配方法将 x² + bx + c 写成 (x + p)² + q 的形式。这对于求图像的顶点以及解不易因式分解的二次方程特别有用。

x + 9 − 9 + 2 = (x + 3)² − 7. So the expression x² + 6x + 2 is equivalent to (x + 3)² − 7.

例如对 x² + 6x + 2 配方,取 x 系数的一半为 3,平方得 9。加上再减去 9:x² + 6x + 9 − 9 + 2 = (x + 3)² − 7。因此 x² + 6x + 2 等价于 (x + 3)² − 7。

x² + bx + c = (x + b/2)² − (b/2)² + c

reveals the minimum or maximum value of the quadratic function, which is q when p = −b/2.

该方法还揭示了二次函数的最小值或最大值,即当 p = −b/2 时,值为 q。


4. The quadratic formula | 求根公式

ved by completing the square and works even when factorisation is difficult or impossible.

求根公式给出任何二次方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 的根。它由配方法推导而来,即使因式分解困难或不可行时也总是有效。

x = ( −b ± √b² − 4ac ) ÷ (2a)

solve 2x² + 3x − 2 = 0. Here a = 2, b = 3, c = −2. Substitute into the formula: x = ( −3 ± √9 + 16 ) ÷ 4 = ( −3 ± √25 ) ÷ 4 = ( −3 ± 5 ) ÷ 4. This gives x = 1/2 or x = −2.

例如,解 2x² + 3x − 2 = 0。这里 a = 2,b = 3,c = −2。代入公式:x = ( −3 ± √9 + 16 ) ÷ 4 = ( −3 ± √25 ) ÷ 4 = ( −3 ± 5 ) ÷ 4。得到 x = 1/2 或 x = −2。

step. Many exam errors come from dropping one root too early or forgetting that the entire numerator must be divided by 2a.

始终保留 ± 号直到最后一步。许多考试错误来自过早丢掉一个根,或忘记整个分子都要除以 2a。


5. The discriminant and nature of roots | 判别式与根的性质

rmula: Δ = b² − 4ac. It tells you how many real roots the equation has without solving it.

判别式是求根公式中平方根下的部分:Δ = b² − 4ac。它让你无需解方程就能知道方程有多少个实数根。

here is one repeated root. For x² + x + 1 = 0, Δ = 1 − 4 = −3, so there are no real roots.

例如,对于 x² + 4x + 4 = 0,Δ = 4² − 4 × 1 × 4 = 0,因此有一个重复根。对于 x² + x + 1 = 0,Δ = 1 − 4 = −3,因此没有实数根。


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6. Sketching quadratic graphs | 二次函数图像草图

. The sign of a determines its direction: if a > 0, it opens upwards and has a minimum point; if a < 0, it opens downwards and has a maximum point.

y = ax² + bx + c 的图像是一条抛物线。a 的符号决定其开口方向:如果 a > 0,开口向上且有最低点;如果 a < 0,开口向下且有最高点。

0, if they exist. You can find them by factorising, the formula, or completing the square.

y 轴截距就是 c,因为当 x = 0 时,y = c。x 轴截距是 ax² + bx + c = 0 的实数根(如果存在)。你可以通过因式分解、公式或配方法找到它们。

y-intercept at 3 and x-intercepts at x = 1 and x = 3 because x² − 4x + 3 = (x − 1)(x − 3).

例如,y = x² − 4x + 3 的图像 y 轴截距为 3,x 轴截距为 x = 1 和 x = 3,因为 x² − 4x + 3 = (x − 1)(x − 3)。


7. Turning points and axis of symmetry | 顶点与对称轴

found by substituting this x value into the original function, or by using y = −Δ ÷ (4a).

每条抛物线都有一个顶点,也称为 turning point。其 x 坐标由 x = −b ÷ (2a) 给出。对应的 y 坐标可以将此 x 值代入原函数求出,或使用 y = −Δ ÷ (4a)。

Vertex = ( −b ÷ (2a), −Δ ÷ (4a) )

s the parabola into two mirror-image halves and is essential for accurate graph sketching.

对称轴是经过顶点的竖直线:x = −b ÷ (2a)。这条线将抛物线分成两个镜像对称的部分,对于准确绘制图像非常重要。

− 8 + 3 = −1, so the vertex is (2, −1). The minimum value of the function is therefore −1.

对于 y = x² − 4x + 3,顶点在 x = 4 ÷ 2 = 2 处,y = 2² − 8 + 3 = −1,因此顶点为 (2, −1)。所以该函数的最小值是 −1。


8. Solving quadratic inequalities | 解二次不等式

The roots are x = 1 and x = 3, so these values split the number line into three intervals.

形如 x² − 4x + 3 < 0 的二次不等式,首先要求出相关方程 x² − 4x + 3 = 0 的根。根为 x = 1 和 x = 3,因此这些值将数轴分成三个区间。

itive. Since we want the expression to be less than zero, the solution is 1 < x < 3.

从每个区间取一个值检验:对于 x < 1,取 x = 0,表达式为正;对于 1 < x < 3,取 x = 2,表达式为负;对于 x > 3,取 x = 4,表达式为正。因为我们需要表达式小于零,所以解为 1 < x < 3。

1 or x ≥ 3. Always pay attention to whether the inequality is strict or includes equality.

如果不等式是 x² − 4x + 3 ≥ 0,解将是 x ≤ 1 或 x ≥ 3。始终注意不等式是严格的还是包含等号。


9. Applications in real-life problems | 实际应用问题

own upwards: h = −5t² + 20t + 1, where h is the height in metres and t is time in seconds.

二次方程可以建模许多现实情况,包括抛体运动、面积问题和利润最大化。一个典型例子是向上抛出的球的高度:h = −5t² + 20t + 1,其中 h 为高度(米),t 为时间(秒)。

05 seconds. Only the positive value makes sense in this context, so the ball lands after about 4.05 seconds.

要求球何时落地,令 h = 0:−5t² + 20t + 1 = 0。使用求根公式得到 t ≈ −0.05 或 t ≈ 4.05 秒。在这个情境中只有正值有意义,因此球大约在 4.05 秒后落地。

² + 3x − 40 = 0, which solves to x = 5 or x = −8. The width must be positive, so x = 5 cm.

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