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Quadratic Equations: Factorising, Completing the Square and the Quadratic Formula | 二次方程:因式分解、配方法与求根公式

2026-08-21 17:25 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Quadratic Equations: Factorising, Completing the Square and the Quadratic Formula | 二次方程:因式分解、配方法与求根公式

Quadratic equations are one of the most important topics in IGCSE Mathematics. They appear in algebra, graph sketching, mensuration and real-world modelling problems. This article explains the three main algebraic methods: factorising, completing the square and using the quadratic formula. You will also learn how the discriminant determines the number of roots.

二次方程是 IGCSE 数学中最重要的主题之一。它们出现在代数、图像绘制、测量以及现实建模问题中。本文讲解三种主要代数方法:因式分解、配方法和使用求根公式。你还将学习判别式如何决定根的个数。


1. What Is a Quadratic Equation? | 什么是二次方程?

c = 0, where a, b and c are constants and a ≠ 0. The highest power of the unknown x is 2.

一元二次方程是可以写成 ax² + bx + c = 0 形式的方程,其中 a、b、c 是常数且 a ≠ 0。未知数 x 的最高次数是 2。

ecause the x² term disappears. Quadratic equations can have two distinct real solutions, one repeated solution or no real solutions, depending on the value of the discriminant b² − 4ac.

如果 a = 0,方程变为一次方程,因为 x² 项消失。二次方程可以有两个不相等的实数解、一个重根或没有实数解,这取决于判别式 b² − 4ac 的值。

e the parabola crosses the x-axis are the real solutions of the equation ax² + bx + c = 0.

二次函数 y = ax² + bx + c 的图像是一条抛物线。抛物线与 x 轴交点的横坐标就是方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 的实数解。


2. Standard Form and Key Vocabulary | 标准形式与关键术语

in descending powers of x, so the x² term comes first, then the x term, then the constant.

在求解之前,始终先将方程整理成标准形式 ax² + bx + c = 0。各项通常按 x 的降幂排列,所以 x² 项在前,然后是 x 项,最后是常数项。

Key terms: a is the leading coefficient, b is the coefficient of x, and c is the constant term. The solutions of the equation are also called the roots or x-intercepts.

关键术语:a 是首项系数,b 是 x 的系数,c 是常数项。方程的解也称为根或 x 轴截距。

gnore the minus sign on b because it is a common cause of errors in the quadratic formula.

例如,在 4x² − 7x + 2 = 0 中,我们有 a = 4,b = −7,c = 2。千万不要忽略 b 的负号,因为这是求根公式中常见的错误来源。


3. Solving by Factorising: The Basic Idea | 因式分解法:基本思路

The factorising method uses the zero product property: if two factors multiply to zero, then at least one of the factors must equal zero. Write the quadratic as a product of two brackets, then set each bracket equal to zero.

因式分解法使用零乘积性质:如果两个因式的乘积为零,那么至少有一个因式必须等于零。将二次式写成两个括号的乘积,然后令每个括号等于零。

giving x = −2 or x = 3. This gives two separate linear equations, which are easy to solve.

例如,如果 (x + 2)(x − 3) = 0,那么 x + 2 = 0 或 x − 3 = 0,得到 x = −2 或 x = 3。这给出了两个独立的一次方程,它们很容易求解。

Factorising is usually the fastest method, but it only works when the quadratic factorises neatly into rational factors. If you cannot see the factors quickly, move to completing the square or the quadratic formula.

因式分解通常是最快的方法,但只有当二次式能整齐地分解为有理因式时才有效。如果无法快速看出因式,就改用配方法或求根公式。


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4. Factorising When a = 1 | 当首项系数 a = 1 时的因式分解

y to c and add to b. Write them in the form (x + p)(x + q), where p × q = c and p + q = b.

当二次式为 x² + bx + c 时,寻找两个数,使它们相乘得 c、相加得 b。将它们写成 (x + p)(x + q) 的形式,其中 p × q = c 且 p + q = b。

3 multiply to 6 and add to 5, so (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0. The solutions are x = −2 and x = −3.

示例:x² + 5x + 6 = 0。数字 2 和 3 相乘得 6、相加得 5,因此 (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0。解为 x = −2 和 x = −3。

0, use −2 and −3 because (−2) + (−3) = −5 and (−2) × (−3) = 6, giving (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0.

注意符号。对于 x² − 5x + 6 = 0,使用 −2 和 −3,因为 (−2) + (−3) = −5 且 (−2) × (−3) = 6,得到 (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0。

3 + (−2) = 1 and 3 × (−2) = −6, so (x + 3)(x − 2) = 0 and the roots are x = −3 and x = 2.

对于 x² + x − 6 = 0,数字是 3 和 −2,因为 3 + (−2) = 1 且 3 × (−2) = −6,所以 (x + 3)(x − 2) = 0,根为 x = −3 和 x = 2。


5. Factorising When a ≠ 1 | 当首项系数 a ≠ 1 时的因式分解

iply a and c: 2 × 3 = 6. Find two numbers that multiply to 6 and add to 7, namely 6 and 1.

对于 2x² + 7x + 3 这类二次式,使用拆项法或试错法。将 a 与 c 相乘:2 × 3 = 6。寻找两个数,使它们相乘得 6、相加得 7,即 6 和 1。

x(x + 3) + 1(x + 3) = (2x + 1)(x + 3). Set each bracket to zero to get x = −1/2 or x = −3.

用这两个数重写中间项:2x² + 6x + x + 3。然后分组分解:2x(x + 3) + 1(x + 3) = (2x + 1)(x + 3)。令每个括号为零,得到 x = −1/2 或 x = −3。

− 12x + 2x − 8 = 3x(x − 4) + 2(x − 4) = (3x + 2)(x − 4). The roots are x = −2/3 and x = 4.

另一个示例:3x² − 10x − 8。a 与 c 相乘:3 × (−8) = −24。我们需要两个数,相乘得 −24、相加得 −10:即 −12 和 2。重写为 3x² − 12x + 2x − 8 = 3x(x − 4) + 2(x − 4) = (3x + 2)(x − 4)。根为 x = −2/3 和 x = 4。

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