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IGCSE Maths: Solving Quadratic Equations | IGCSE 数学:解一元二次方程

2026-08-21 17:09 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 IGCSE Maths: Solving Quadratic Equations | IGCSE 数学:解一元二次方程

A quadratic equation is one of the most important types of equation in IGCSE Mathematics. It appears in algebra, graphs, number problems and real-life applications. Mastering the main solution methods - factorising, completing the square and the quadratic formula - gives you a reliable toolkit for both Core and Extended papers.

二次方程是 IGCSE 数学中最重要的方程类型之一。它出现在代数、图像、数字问题和实际应用中。掌握因式分解法、配方法和二次公式法等主要解法,你就拥有了一套在核心卷和扩展卷中都可靠的工具。


1. What is a Quadratic Equation? | 什么是二次方程

a, b and c are constants and a ≠ 0. If a = 0, the equation becomes linear, not quadratic.

如果一个方程中变量的最高次数是 2,那么它就是二次方程。例如 x² + 3x - 4 = 0 是二次方程。标准形式为 ax² + bx + c = 0,其中 a、b、c 为常数,且 a ≠ 0。如果 a = 0,方程就变成一次方程,而不是二次方程。

ntains a cube term. Recognising the degree of an equation helps you choose the correct solution method quickly.

例如,x² - 9 = 0 是二次方程,因为最高次数是 2。然而,x³ + x = 0 不是二次方程,因为它含有三次项。识别方程的次数能帮助你快速选择正确的求解方法。


2. Standard Form and Key Terms | 标准形式与关键术语

The coefficient a is the number in front of x², b is the number in front of x, and c is the constant term. A quadratic equation can have two real solutions, one repeated solution, or no real solutions.

在求解之前,始终要把方程整理成 ax² + bx + c = 0 的形式。系数 a 是 x² 前面的数,b 是 x 前面的数,c 是常数项。一个二次方程可能有两个实数解、一个重根解,或者没有实数解。

efore identifying the coefficients. Care with signs is essential in all quadratic methods.

例如,3x² - 5x + 1 = 0 中 a = 3,b = -5,c = 1。如果一个方程写成 4 - 2x = x²,你必须先把它整理成 x² + 2x - 4 = 0,再确定系数。在所有二次方程方法中,符号的处理都至关重要。


3. Solving by Factorising | 因式分解法

es x = 2 or x = 3. Always check that the original equation equals zero before factorising.

当二次表达式可以分解为两个括号时,我们可以快速求解。例如 x² - 5x + 6 = 0 可因式分解为 (x - 2)(x - 3) = 0。令每个括号等于零,得到 x = 2 或 x = 3。在因式分解前一定要检查原方程是否等于零。

g method works especially well when the coefficient of x² is 1 and the roots are integers.

我们来解 x² - 16 = 0。这是一个平方差:(x - 4)(x + 4) = 0。因此 x = 4 或 x = -4。当 x² 的系数为 1 且根为整数时,因式分解法尤其有效。

x² - 16 = (x - 4)(x + 4) = 0


4. The Zero Product Property | 零乘积性质

7 = 0. This gives x = -2 or x = 7. This rule is the foundation of the factorising method.

零乘积性质指出,如果两个因式的乘积为零,那么至少有一个因式必须为零。如果 (x + 2)(x - 7) = 0,则 x + 2 = 0 或 x - 7 = 0。由此得到 x = -2 或 x = 7。这条规则是因式分解法的基础。

ved by setting each bracket equal to 6; you must first expand and rearrange to equal zero.

如果没有这条性质,我们就无法把因式分解后的方程拆成两个一次方程。它只在乘积等于零时成立。例如,(x + 2)(x - 7) = 6 不能通过令每个括号等于 6 来求解;你必须先展开并整理成等于零的形式。


5. Completing the Square | 配方法

6x + 2 becomes (x + 3)² - 7. To solve x² + 6x + 2 = 0, write (x + 3)² = 7, then x + 3 = ±√7, so x = -3 ± √7. This method is useful when factorising is not possible.

配方法把 x² + bx + c 改写为 (x + p)² + q 的形式。例如 x² + 6x + 2 可变为 (x + 3)² - 7。要解 x² + 6x + 2 = 0,写成 (x + 3)² = 7,然后 x + 3 = ±√7,所以 x = -3 ± √7。当无法因式分解时,这个方法很有用。

x² + 6x + 2 = (x + 3)² - 7

The rule is to take half of the coefficient of x, square it, and adjust the constant term. If the coefficient of x² is not 1, factor it out first before completing the square. This keeps the working neat and reduces sign errors.

配方法的规则是取 x 系数的一半,平方后调整常数项。如果 x² 的系数不是 1,需要先把它提出来,再进行配方。这样可以使计算整洁并减少符号错误。


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6. The Quadratic Formula | 二次公式

quadratic formula solves any quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0. The formula is x = (-b ± √b² - 4ac olve 2x² + 3x - 2 = 0, substitute a = 2, b = 3, c = -2 into the formula. You get x = (-3 ± √9 + 16) / 4 = (-3 ± 5) / 4, so x = 1/2 or x = -2.

二次公式可以解任何二次方程 ax² + bx + c = 0。公式为 x = (-b ± √b² - 4ac) / (2a)。例如,解 2x² + 3x - 2 = 0,将 a = 2,b = 3,c = -2 代入公式。得到 x = (-3 ± √9 + 16) / 4 = (-3 ± 5) / 4,所以 x = 1/2 或 x = -2。

x = (-b ± √b² - 4ac) / (2a)

This formula is given in the IGCSE formula sheet, but you must know how to identify a, b and c correctly. It is especially reliable when the equation has non-integer roots or when factorising is difficult. Always write the formula, substitute carefully, and then simplify in stages.

这个公式在 IGCSE 公式表中给出,但你必须知道如何准确识别 a、b 和 c。当方程的根不是整数或因式分解困难时,这个公式尤其可靠。始终先写出公式,仔细代入,然后分步化简。


7. The Discriminant | 判别式

f b² - 4ac = 0, there is one repeated real root. If b² - 4ac < 0, there are no real roots.

根号下的 b² - 4ac 称为判别式。它告诉我们解的个数和类型。如果 b² - 4ac > 0,则有两个不同的实数根。如果 b² - 4ac = 0,则有一个重根。如果 b² - 4ac < 0,则没有实数根。

e discriminant allows you to predict the number of solutions without fully solving the equation.

例如,x² - 6x + 9 = 0 的判别式为 (-6)² - 4(1)(9) = 0,因此它有一个重根 x = 3。理解判别式可以让你不用完整求解方程就能预测解的个数。


8. Graphical Interpretation | 图像解释

x-coordinates where the parabola crosses the x-axis. If the parabola touches the x-axis at one point, there is one repeated root. If it does not cross the x-axis, the equation has no real roots.

y = ax² + bx + c 的图像是一条抛物线。方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 的解就是抛物线与 x 轴交点的横坐标。如果抛物线在一点与 x 轴相切,则有一个重根。如果它不与 x 轴相交,则方程没有实数根。

e features help you sketch quadratics and check whether your algebraic solutions are sensible.

当 a > 0 时,抛物线开口向上,有一个最低点。当 a < 0 时,抛物线开口向下,有一个最高点。对称轴为 x = -b/(2a)。这些特征有助于你画出二次函数草图,并检查代数解是否合理。


9. Word Problems Involving Quadratics | 二次方程应用题

es (x + 8)(x - 6) = 0, so x = 6 (reject x = -8). The width is 6 cm and the length is 8 cm.

许多 IGCSE 题目要求根据

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