← 返回资讯屏轩教育 · 行业资讯

T-3-1048 IGCSE Maths: Quadratic Equations | IGCSE 数学:二次方程

2026-08-21 16:54 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 T-3-1048 IGCSE Maths: Quadratic Equations | IGCSE 数学:二次方程

Quadratic equations are one of the most important topics in IGCSE Mathematics. They appear in algebra, graphs, problem solving and even in real-life applications such as projectile motion, area optimisation and finance. A strong understanding of factorising, completing the square, the quadratic formula and the discriminant will help you tackle both foundation and higher-tier questions with confidence.

二次方程是 IGCSE 数学中最重要的主题之一。它出现在代数、图像、问题解决以及实际应用中,例如抛体运动、面积优化和金融问题。深入理解因式分解、配方法、求根公式和判别式,将帮助你自信地应对基础卷和进阶卷的题目。


1. What is a Quadratic Equation? | 什么是二次方程?

, the equation becomes linear, not quadratic. The highest power of the variable x is 2, which is why it is called 'quadratic'.

一元二次方程是指可以写成标准形式 ax² + bx + c = 0 的方程,其中 a、b、c 为常数,且 a ≠ 0。如果 a = 0,方程就变成一次方程,而不是二次方程。变量 x 的最高次数为 2,因此称为“二次”方程。

= x² - 4 simplifies to 3x + 5 = 0, so it is not quadratic because the x² terms cancel out.

例如,3x² - 5x + 2 = 0、x² - 9 = 0 和 2x² + 7x = 0 都是二次方程。方程 x² + 3x + 1 = x² - 4 化简后得到 3x + 5 = 0,因此它不是二次方程,因为 x² 项相互抵消了。

Standard form: ax² + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0


2. Solving by Factorising | 因式分解法

s) = 0, then px + q = 0 or rx + s = 0. You must set each bracket equal to zero separately.

当二次表达式可以写成两个括号的乘积时,因式分解通常是最快的方法。关键规则是零乘积性质:如果 (px + q)(rx + s) = 0,则 px + q = 0 或 rx + s = 0。你必须分别令每个括号等于零。

+ 5x + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0. Therefore x + 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0, giving x = -2 or x = -3.

例题:解 x² + 5x + 6 = 0。你需要找到两个数,乘积为 6,和为 5,这两个数是 2 和 3。因此 x² + 5x + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0。于是 x + 2 = 0 或 x + 3 = 0,得到 x = -2 或 x = -3。

le term: 2x² + 6x + x + 3 = 2x(x + 3) + 1(x + 3) = (2x + 1)(x + 3). So x = -1/2 or x = -3.

对于形如 ax² + bx + c = 0 且 a ≠ 1 的方程,你可能需要拆分中间项。例题:解 2x² + 7x + 3 = 0。先计算 a 与 c 的乘积:2 × 3 = 6。找出两个数,乘积为 6,和为 7:6 和 1。拆分中间项:2x² + 6x + x + 3 = 2x(x + 3) + 1(x + 3) = (2x + 1)(x + 3)。所以 x = -1/2 或 x = -3。


3. Solving by Completing the Square | 配方法

Completing the square is a powerful method because it works even when the quadratic does not factorise neatly. It also helps you find the turning point of a quadratic graph. The idea is to rewrite x² + bx as (x + b/2)² - (b/2)².

配方法是一种强大的方法,因为即使二次式不能整齐地因式分解,它仍然有效。它还能帮助你找到二次函数图像的顶点。其核心思想是将 x² + bx 改写成 (x + b/2)² - (b/2)²。

9 = 16. Therefore (x + 3)² = 16. Taking square roots gives x + 3 = ±4, so x = 1 or x = -7.

例题:用配方法解 x² + 6x - 7 = 0。首先移常数项:x² + 6x = 7。6 的一半是 3,3² = 9,因此两边同时加 9:x² + 6x + 9 = 16。于是 (x + 3)² = 16。开平方得到 x + 3 = ±4,所以 x = 1 或 x = -7。

half of -4 is -2, and (-2)² = 4, so (x - 2)² = 1. Thus x - 2 = ±1, giving x = 3 or x = 1.

如果 x² 的系数不是 1,首先将整个方程除以 a。例题:2x² - 8x + 6 = 0。除以 2 得:x² - 4x + 3 = 0。然后配方:x² - 4x = -3,-4 的一半是 -2,(-2)² = 4,所以 (x - 2)² = 1。因此 x - 2 = ±1,得到 x = 3 或 x = 1。

x² + bx = (x + b/2)² - (b/2)²


4. The Quadratic Formula | 求根公式

solving any quadratic equation. For ax² + bx + c = 0, the solutions are given by x = [-b ± √b² - 4ac] / (2a). You can use it even when factorising is difficult or impossible.

求根公式是解任何二次方程最通用的方法。对于 ax² + bx + c = 0,其解由 x = [-b ± √b² - 4ac] / (2a) 给出。即使因式分解困难或不可能,你仍然可以使用它。

-3 and c = -5. The discriminant is b² - 4ac = (-3)² - 4(2)(-5) = 9 + 40 = 49. So x = [3 ± √49] / 4 = (3 ± 7) / 4. This gives x = 10/4 = 5/2 or x = -4/4 = -1.

例题:使用求根公式解 2x² - 3x - 5 = 0。这里 a = 2,b = -3,c = -5。判别式为 b² - 4ac = (-3)² - 4(2)(-5) = 9 + 40 = 49。因此 x = [3 ± √49] / 4 = (3 ± 7) / 4。得到 x = 10/4 = 5/2 或 x = -4/4 = -1。

x = [-b ± √b² - 4ac] / (2a)

common mistake is to write -b as -3 when b is already -3; the correct value is -(-3) = +3.

代入负数 b 和 c 时要特别注意符号。一个常见错误是当 b 已经是 -3 时,把 -b 写成 -3;正确值应为 -(-3) = +3。


5. The Discriminant | 判别式

It tells you how many real roots the quadratic equation has without solving it completely.

判别式是求根公式中平方根下的部分:Δ = b² - 4ac。它可以告诉你在不完全求解的情况下,二次方程有多少个实根。

real root, sometimes called a repeated root. If Δ < 0, it has no real roots, meaning the graph does not cross the x-axis.

如果 Δ > 0,方程有两个不同的实根。如果 Δ = 0,方程恰好有一个实根,有时称为重根。如果 Δ < 0,方程没有实根,这意味着图像不与 x 轴相交。

Discriminant | 判别式Number of real roots | 实根数量Graph behaviour | 图像行为
Δ > 0Two distinct real roots | 两个不同实根Crosses x-axis twice | 与 x 轴相交两次
Δ = 0One repeated real root | 一个重根Touches x-axis once | 与 x 轴相切一次
Δ < 0No real roots | 无实根Does not meet x-axis | 不与 x 轴相交

. Here a = 1, b = 4 and c = k, so 16 - 4k > 0. Dividing by 4 gives 4 - k > 0, hence k < 4.

例题:对于 x² + 4x + k = 0,求使方程有两个不同实根的 k 值。我们需要 Δ > 0,即 b² - 4ac > 0。这里 a = 1,b = 4,c = k,所以 16 - 4k > 0。除以 4 得 4 - k > 0,因此 k < 4。


广告 / Sponsored

6. Graphs of Quadratic Functions | 二次函数图像

downwards and has a maximum point. The y-intercept is always c because when x = 0, y = c.

y = ax² + bx + c 的图像是一条抛物线。如果 a > 0,抛物线开口向上,具有最小值点。如果 a < 0,抛物线开口向下,具有最大值点。y 轴截距始终为 c,因为当 x = 0 时,y = c。

suitable method. If the discriminant is negative, the parabola does not cross the x-axis.

x 轴截距,也称为根或解,是使 y = 0 的 x 值。你可以通过使用任何合适的方法解 ax² + bx + c = 0 来找到它们。如果判别式为负,抛物线不与 x 轴相交。

ola opens upwards. The turning point lies at x = 2, halfway between the roots, and y = -1.

例题:画出 y = x² - 4x + 3 的草图。y 轴截距为 3。因式分解得到 (x - 1)(x - 3) = 0,所以 x 轴截距为 1 和 3。由于 a = 1 > 0,抛物线开口向上。顶点位于 x = 2,即两个根的中点,y = -1。


7. Turning Point and Axis of Symmetry | 顶点与对称轴

you have this x-value, substitute it into the original equation to find the y-coordinate.

每个二次函数图像都有一条经过其顶点的垂直对称轴。顶点的 x 坐标为 x = -b / (2a)。一旦得到这个 x 值,就将其代入原方程求出 y 坐标。

ing point is simply (h, k). Remember that the sign of h is opposite to what appears in the bracket.

如果方程写成配方法形式 y = a(x - h)² + k,顶点就是 (h, k)。请记住,h 的符号与括号中出现的符号相反。

x = -b / (2a), y = a(x - h)² + k → vertex (h, k)

2. Substitute x = 2: y = 2(2)² - 8(2) + 5 = 8 - 16 + 5 = -3. The turning point is (2, -3).

例题:求 y = 2x² - 8x + 5 的顶点。这里 a = 2,b = -8,所以 x = -(-8) / (2 × 2) = 8 / 4 = 2。代入 x = 2:y = 2(2)² - 8(2) + 5 = 8 - 16 + 5 = -3。顶点为 (2, -3)。


8. Quadratic Inequalities | 二次不等式

tical values are x = 3 and x = -2. These values divide the number line into three regions.

要解二次不等式,例如 x² - x - 6 < 0,首先解相应的二次方程 x² - x - 6 = 0。因式分解得到 (x - 3)(x + 2) = 0,因此临界值为 x = 3 和 x = -2。这些值将数轴分成三个区间。

3, take x = 4: 16 - 4 - 6 = 6 > 0, so the inequality is false. The solution is -2 < x < 3.

在每个区间中取一个值代入原不等式进行检验。对于 x < -2,取 x = -3:9 + 3 - 6 = 6 > 0,因此不等式不成立。对于 -2 < x < 3,取 x = 0:0 - 0 - 6 = -6 < 0,因此不等式成立。对于 x > 3,取 x = 4:16 - 4 - 6 = 6 > 0,因此不等式不成立。解为 -2 < x < 3。

ict (< or >) or inclusive (≤ or ≥), as this determines whether the endpoints are included.

如果不等式是 x² - x - 6 > 0,解为 x < -2 或 x > 3。始终注意不等式是严格的(< 或 >)还是包含等号的(≤ 或 ≥),这决定了端点是否包含在内。


9. Applications and Word Problems | 实际应用与文字题

Quadratic equations are often hidden in word problems involving area, profit, speed or projectile motion. The key is to define a variable, translate the information into a quadratic equation, solve it, and then reject any answer that does not make sense in the context.

二次方程常常隐藏在与面积、利润、速度或抛体运动有关的文字题中。关键是定义变量,将信息转化为二次方程,求解方程,然后舍去任何在情境中不合理的答案。

ng gives (x + 8)(x - 5) = 0, so x = -8 or x = 5. Since width cannot be negative, x = 5 cm.

例题:一个矩形的长比宽多 3 cm,面积为 40 cm²。求宽。设宽为 x,则长为 x + 3。面积 = x(x + 3) = 40,所以 x² + 3x - 40 = 0。因式分解得到 (x + 8)(x - 5) = 0,因此 x = -8 或 x = 5。由于宽不能为负,x = 5 cm。

lve -5t² + 20t + 1 = 0 using the quadratic formula. Negative time values must be rejected.

另一种常见类型是抛体高度:h = -5t² + 20t + 1,其中 h 为高度(米),t 为时间(秒)。要求物体何时落地,令 h = 0,然后用求根公式解 -5t² + 20t + 1 = 0。必须舍去负的时间值。


10. Exam Tips and Common Mistakes | 考试技巧与常见错误

Always write the equation in standard form before choosing a method. This helps you identify a, b and c correctly for the quadratic formula and the discriminant. Many candidates lose marks because they use the wrong signs for b or c.

在选择方法之前,始终将方程写成标准形式。这有助于你正确地确定求根公式和判别式中的 a、b、c。许多考生因为 b 或 c 的符号错误而失分。

ll only find one root and lose marks. Also, when taking the square root of both sides of an equation, you must include both the positive and negative square roots.

记住求根公式中有 ± 符号。如果你忘记了它,就只能找到一个根,从而失分。此外,对等式两边开平方时,必须同时包含正平方根和负平方根。

When solving quadratic inequalities, do not

Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com

广告 / Sponsored
【现货】剑桥国际高中教材 Cambridge IGCSE & O Level Additional Mathemati…
数学 备考教辅 · 正版现货 · 与本文内容相关
查看详情 / View on Taobao参考价 ¥198.0

更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)

备考资讯每日更新,关注不错过
考纲变化 · 科目分析 · 学习方法
扫码关注公众号 tutorhao
在微信里长按二维码识别关注
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图
公众号:tutorhao