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IGCSE Maths: Quadratic Equations and Graphs | IGCSE 数学:二次方程与图像

2026-08-21 16:27 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 IGCSE Maths: Quadratic Equations and Graphs | IGCSE 数学:二次方程与图像

Quadratic equations appear throughout the IGCSE Mathematics syllabus, from straightforward factorising to graph interpretation and real-world modelling. This article brings together the key methods you need to solve quadratics confidently and to understand how their graphs behave.

二次方程贯穿 IGCSE 数学考纲,从简单的因式分解到图像解读和实际问题建模。本文将整理你需要的核心方法,帮助你自信地解二次方程,并理解二次函数图像的性质。


1. The General Form of a Quadratic | 二次函数的一般形式

ion becomes linear, so the condition a ≠ 0 is essential for the expression to remain quadratic.

二次式的一般形式为 ax² + bx + c,其中 a、b、c 是常数且 a ≠ 0。如果 a = 0,表达式就变成一次式,因此 a ≠ 0 这个条件对保持二次性非常关键。

y = ax² + bx + c, a ≠ 0

In this form, a is called the leading coefficient, b is the linear coefficient and c is the constant term. The leading coefficient a controls the width and direction of the parabola.

在这个形式中,a 称为首项系数,b 是一次项系数,c 是常数项。首项系数 a 控制抛物线的开口方向和宽窄。


2. Expanding and Factorising Quadratics | 二次式的展开与因式分解

sing is the reverse process: when a = 1, find two numbers that multiply to c and add to b.

展开两个一次括号 (x + p)(x + q) 得到 x² + (p + q)x + pq。因式分解是展开的逆过程:当 a = 1 时,找到两个数,使它们相乘等于 c、相加等于 b。

at multiply to 15 and add to 8. The numbers 3 and 5 work because 3 × 5 = 15 and 3 + 5 = 8.

例如,要对 x² + 8x + 15 进行因式分解,需要找到两个数,使它们相乘等于 15、相加等于 8。数字 3 和 5 符合条件,因为 3 × 5 = 15 且 3 + 5 = 8。

When the leading coefficient is not 1, such as in 2x² + 7x + 3, you can use grouping or trial and error. The factorised form is (2x + 1)(x + 3).

当首项系数不为 1 时,例如 2x² + 7x + 3,可以使用分组法或试错法。因式分解的结果是 (2x + 1)(x + 3)。


3. Solving by Factorisation | 因式分解法解二次方程

zero product property: if two factors multiply to zero, at least one factor must be zero.

用因式分解法解 x² + 8x + 15 = 0 时,先写成 (x + 3)(x + 5) = 0。然后使用零乘积性质:如果两个因式的乘积为零,那么至少一个因式为零。

x + 3 = 0 or x + 5 = 0

x = −3 or x = −5

quation. For x = −3, you get (−3)² + 8(−3) + 15 = 9 − 24 + 15 = 0, so the root is correct.

一定要把解代回原方程检验。对于 x = −3,代入得到 (−3)² + 8(−3) + 15 = 9 − 24 + 15 = 0,所以这个根是正确的。


4. The Quadratic Formula | 二次公式

the quadratic formula. For ax² + bx + c = 0, the solutions are given by the formula below.

当因式分解比较困难或根不是整数时,可以使用二次公式。对于 ax² + bx + c = 0,解由以下公式给出。

x = [−b ± √b² − 4ac] ÷ 2a

The expression b² − 4ac under the square root is called the discriminant, D. The discriminant tells you the nature of the roots before you solve the equation.

平方根下的表达式 b² − 4ac 称为判别式 D。判别式可以在解方程之前判断根的性质。

iminant is 3² − 4(2)(−5) = 9 + 40 = 49. Since D > 0, there are two distinct real roots.

例如,对于 2x² + 3x − 5 = 0,判别式为 3² − 4(2)(−5) = 9 + 40 = 49。由于 D > 0,这个方程有两个不相等的实根。


5. Completing the Square | 配方法

Completing the square rewrites ax² + bx + c in the form a(x + p)² + q. This form reveals the turning point and helps solve equations when factorisation is not obvious.

配方法将 ax² + bx + c 写成 a(x + p)² + q 的形式。这种形式可以直接看出顶点,也有助于在因式分解不明显时解方程。

of 6 to get 3, square it to get 9, then adjust the constant: x² + 6x + 10 = (x + 3)² + 1.

对于 x² + 6x + 10,取 6 的一半得到 3,平方得到 9,再调整常数项:x² + 6x + 10 = (x + 3)² + 1。

x² + 6x + 10 = (x + 3)² + 1

If the leading coefficient is not 1, factor it out first. For example, 2x² + 8x + 5 becomes 2(x² + 4x) + 5, then complete the square inside the bracket.

如果首项系数不是 1,需要先把它提出来。例如,2x² + 8x + 5 先写成 2(x² + 4x) + 5,然后在括号内完成配方。


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6. Graphs of Quadratic Functions | 二次函数图像

. If a > 0, the parabola opens upwards and has a minimum point. If a < 0, it opens downwards and has a maximum point.

y = ax² + bx + c 的图像是一条抛物线。当 a > 0 时,抛物线开口向上,有最低点;当 a < 0 时,开口向下,有最高点。

= 0, if they exist. If the discriminant is negative, the graph does not cross the x-axis.

y 轴截距是 (0, c)。x 轴截距是方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 的实根(如果存在)。如果判别式为负,图像不会与 x 轴相交。

The parabola is symmetrical about a vertical line called the axis of symmetry. This means any point on one side of the curve has a mirror point on the other side.

抛物线关于一条称为对称轴的竖直直线对称。这意味着曲线一侧的任意一点,在另一侧都有一个对称点。


7. Turning Points and Axis of Symmetry | 顶点与对称轴

lies on this axis, so substitute this x-value into the equation to find the y-coordinate.

对称轴是竖直直线 x = −b ÷ 2a。顶点位于对称轴上,因此把这个 x 值代入方程即可求得 y 坐标。

x = −b ÷ 2a

q, the turning point is simply (−p, q). This is often the fastest way to find the vertex.

在配方式 y = a(x + p)² + q 中,顶点坐标就是 (−p, q)。这通常是求顶点最快的方法。

+ 3)² + 1, the turning point is (−3, 1). Since a = 1 is positive, this point is a minimum.

对于 y = (x + 3)² + 1,顶点是 (−3, 1)。因为 a = 1 为正,所以这个点是最低点。


8. Using Graphs to Solve Equations | 利用图像解方程

g the x-values where y = 0, or where the curve intersects a horizontal line such as y = k.

二次函数图像可以用来解方程,方法是读出 y = 0 时对应的 x 值,或者读出曲线与水平直线 y = k 的交点横坐标。

= x² − 4x + 3. From the factorised form (x − 1)(x − 3) = 0, the roots are x = 1 and x = 3.

例如,x² − 4x + 3 = 0 的根就是 y = x² − 4x + 3 与 x 轴的交点横坐标。根据因式分解形式 (x − 1)(x − 3) = 0,根为 x = 1 和 x = 3。

horizontal line y = 2 on the diagram and read the x-values at the points of intersection.

如果要用同一图像解 x² − 4x + 3 = 2,就在图中画出水平直线 y = 2,然后读出交点处的 x 值。


9. Real-World Applications | 实际应用

f a ball thrown upwards can be modelled by h = −5t² + 20t + 1, where t is time in seconds.

二次模型出现在抛体运动、面积问题以及利润优化中。例如,向上抛出的球的高度 h 可以用 h = −5t² + 20t + 1 表示,其中 t 是时间(秒)。

ll lands, which can be solved using the quadratic formula. In real-world problems, only positive values of t are valid.

令 h = 0 可以求出球落地的时间,这可以用二次公式来解。在实际问题中,只有正的 t 值才有意义。

+ 3) and the width is x, then the area equation x(x + 3) = 40 expands to x² + 3x − 40 = 0.

另一种常见题型是给定面积的矩形问题。如果长为 (x + 3)、宽为 x,那么面积方程 x(x + 3) = 40 展开后得到 x² + 3x − 40 = 0。


10. Exam Tips and Common Mistakes | 应试技巧与常见错误

Always check that a ≠ 0 before using quadratic methods. When dividing by a coefficient, divide the entire equation, not just one term.

在使用二次方法前,一定要检查 a ≠ 0。除以系数时,要除以整个方程,而不是只除以某一项。

nd give answers to the required degree of accuracy. If the question does not specify, rounding to 2 decimal places is usually expected.

记住 ± 会产生两个符号的结果,并按题目要求的精度给出答案。如果题目没有说明,通常要求保留两位小数。

By practising these techniques regularly, you will build confidence in identifying the fastest method for each quadratic problem in the IGCSE examination.

通过定期练习这些技巧,你将更有信心在 IGCSE 考试中为每道二次题目选择最快的方法。


Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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