📚 IGCSE Maths: Quadratic Equations and Graphs | IGCSE 数学:二次方程与图像
Quadratic equations appear throughout the IGCSE Mathematics syllabus, from straightforward factorising to graph interpretation and real-world modelling. This article brings together the key methods you need to solve quadratics confidently and to understand how their graphs behave.
二次方程贯穿 IGCSE 数学考纲,从简单的因式分解到图像解读和实际问题建模。本文将整理你需要的核心方法,帮助你自信地解二次方程,并理解二次函数图像的性质。
1. The General Form of a Quadratic | 二次函数的一般形式
ion becomes linear, so the condition a ≠ 0 is essential for the expression to remain quadratic.
二次式的一般形式为 ax² + bx + c,其中 a、b、c 是常数且 a ≠ 0。如果 a = 0,表达式就变成一次式,因此 a ≠ 0 这个条件对保持二次性非常关键。
y = ax² + bx + c, a ≠ 0
In this form, a is called the leading coefficient, b is the linear coefficient and c is the constant term. The leading coefficient a controls the width and direction of the parabola.
在这个形式中,a 称为首项系数,b 是一次项系数,c 是常数项。首项系数 a 控制抛物线的开口方向和宽窄。
2. Expanding and Factorising Quadratics | 二次式的展开与因式分解
sing is the reverse process: when a = 1, find two numbers that multiply to c and add to b.
展开两个一次括号 (x + p)(x + q) 得到 x² + (p + q)x + pq。因式分解是展开的逆过程:当 a = 1 时,找到两个数,使它们相乘等于 c、相加等于 b。
at multiply to 15 and add to 8. The numbers 3 and 5 work because 3 × 5 = 15 and 3 + 5 = 8.
例如,要对 x² + 8x + 15 进行因式分解,需要找到两个数,使它们相乘等于 15、相加等于 8。数字 3 和 5 符合条件,因为 3 × 5 = 15 且 3 + 5 = 8。
- Expand: (x + 3)(x + 5) = x² + 8x + 15 | 展开:(x + 3)(x + 5) = x² + 8x + 15
- Factorise: x² + 8x + 15 = (x + 3)(x + 5) | 因式分解:x² + 8x + 15 = (x + 3)(x + 5)
When the leading coefficient is not 1, such as in 2x² + 7x + 3, you can use grouping or trial and error. The factorised form is (2x + 1)(x + 3).
当首项系数不为 1 时,例如 2x² + 7x + 3,可以使用分组法或试错法。因式分解的结果是 (2x + 1)(x + 3)。
3. Solving by Factorisation | 因式分解法解二次方程
zero product property: if two factors multiply to zero, at least one factor must be zero.
用因式分解法解 x² + 8x + 15 = 0 时,先写成 (x + 3)(x + 5) = 0。然后使用零乘积性质:如果两个因式的乘积为零,那么至少一个因式为零。
x + 3 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
x = −3 or x = −5
quation. For x = −3, you get (−3)² + 8(−3) + 15 = 9 − 24 + 15 = 0, so the root is correct.
一定要把解代回原方程检验。对于 x = −3,代入得到 (−3)² + 8(−3) + 15 = 9 − 24 + 15 = 0,所以这个根是正确的。
4. The Quadratic Formula | 二次公式
the quadratic formula. For ax² + bx + c = 0, the solutions are given by the formula below.
当因式分解比较困难或根不是整数时,可以使用二次公式。对于 ax² + bx + c = 0,解由以下公式给出。
x = [−b ± √b² − 4ac] ÷ 2a
The expression b² − 4ac under the square root is called the discriminant, D. The discriminant tells you the nature of the roots before you solve the equation.
平方根下的表达式 b² − 4ac 称为判别式 D。判别式可以在解方程之前判断根的性质。
- D > 0: two distinct real roots | 两个不相等的实根
- D = 0: one repeated real root | 一个重根
- D < 0: no real roots | 没有实根
iminant is 3² − 4(2)(−5) = 9 + 40 = 49. Since D > 0, there are two distinct real roots.
例如,对于 2x² + 3x − 5 = 0,判别式为 3² − 4(2)(−5) = 9 + 40 = 49。由于 D > 0,这个方程有两个不相等的实根。
5. Completing the Square | 配方法
Completing the square rewrites ax² + bx + c in the form a(x + p)² + q. This form reveals the turning point and helps solve equations when factorisation is not obvious.
配方法将 ax² + bx + c 写成 a(x + p)² + q 的形式。这种形式可以直接看出顶点,也有助于在因式分解不明显时解方程。
of 6 to get 3, square it to get 9, then adjust the constant: x² + 6x + 10 = (x + 3)² + 1.
对于 x² + 6x + 10,取 6 的一半得到 3,平方得到 9,再调整常数项:x² + 6x + 10 = (x + 3)² + 1。
x² + 6x + 10 = (x + 3)² + 1
If the leading coefficient is not 1, factor it out first. For example, 2x² + 8x + 5 becomes 2(x² + 4x) + 5, then complete the square inside the bracket.
如果首项系数不是 1,需要先把它提出来。例如,2x² + 8x + 5 先写成 2(x² + 4x) + 5,然后在括号内完成配方。
6. Graphs of Quadratic Functions | 二次函数图像
. If a > 0, the parabola opens upwards and has a minimum point. If a < 0, it opens downwards and has a maximum point.
y = ax² + bx + c 的图像是一条抛物线。当 a > 0 时,抛物线开口向上,有最低点;当 a < 0 时,开口向下,有最高点。
= 0, if they exist. If the discriminant is negative, the graph does not cross the x-axis.
y 轴截距是 (0, c)。x 轴截距是方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 的实根(如果存在)。如果判别式为负,图像不会与 x 轴相交。
The parabola is symmetrical about a vertical line called the axis of symmetry. This means any point on one side of the curve has a mirror point on the other side.
抛物线关于一条称为对称轴的竖直直线对称。这意味着曲线一侧的任意一点,在另一侧都有一个对称点。
7. Turning Points and Axis of Symmetry | 顶点与对称轴
lies on this axis, so substitute this x-value into the equation to find the y-coordinate.
对称轴是竖直直线 x = −b ÷ 2a。顶点位于对称轴上,因此把这个 x 值代入方程即可求得 y 坐标。
x = −b ÷ 2a
q, the turning point is simply (−p, q). This is often the fastest way to find the vertex.
在配方式 y = a(x + p)² + q 中,顶点坐标就是 (−p, q)。这通常是求顶点最快的方法。
+ 3)² + 1, the turning point is (−3, 1). Since a = 1 is positive, this point is a minimum.
对于 y = (x + 3)² + 1,顶点是 (−3, 1)。因为 a = 1 为正,所以这个点是最低点。
8. Using Graphs to Solve Equations | 利用图像解方程
g the x-values where y = 0, or where the curve intersects a horizontal line such as y = k.
二次函数图像可以用来解方程,方法是读出 y = 0 时对应的 x 值,或者读出曲线与水平直线 y = k 的交点横坐标。
= x² − 4x + 3. From the factorised form (x − 1)(x − 3) = 0, the roots are x = 1 and x = 3.
例如,x² − 4x + 3 = 0 的根就是 y = x² − 4x + 3 与 x 轴的交点横坐标。根据因式分解形式 (x − 1)(x − 3) = 0,根为 x = 1 和 x = 3。
horizontal line y = 2 on the diagram and read the x-values at the points of intersection.
如果要用同一图像解 x² − 4x + 3 = 2,就在图中画出水平直线 y = 2,然后读出交点处的 x 值。
9. Real-World Applications | 实际应用
f a ball thrown upwards can be modelled by h = −5t² + 20t + 1, where t is time in seconds.
二次模型出现在抛体运动、面积问题以及利润优化中。例如,向上抛出的球的高度 h 可以用 h = −5t² + 20t + 1 表示,其中 t 是时间(秒)。
ll lands, which can be solved using the quadratic formula. In real-world problems, only positive values of t are valid.
令 h = 0 可以求出球落地的时间,这可以用二次公式来解。在实际问题中,只有正的 t 值才有意义。
+ 3) and the width is x, then the area equation x(x + 3) = 40 expands to x² + 3x − 40 = 0.
另一种常见题型是给定面积的矩形问题。如果长为 (x + 3)、宽为 x,那么面积方程 x(x + 3) = 40 展开后得到 x² + 3x − 40 = 0。
10. Exam Tips and Common Mistakes | 应试技巧与常见错误
Always check that a ≠ 0 before using quadratic methods. When dividing by a coefficient, divide the entire equation, not just one term.
在使用二次方法前,一定要检查 a ≠ 0。除以系数时,要除以整个方程,而不是只除以某一项。
nd give answers to the required degree of accuracy. If the question does not specify, rounding to 2 decimal places is usually expected.
记住 ± 会产生两个符号的结果,并按题目要求的精度给出答案。如果题目没有说明,通常要求保留两位小数。
- Check the discriminant before choosing a method | 选择方法前先检查判别式
- Always substitute back to verify your roots | 代回原方程验证根是否正确
- Draw a clear graph when solving graphically | 图像法解题时画出清晰图像
- Use the completed square form for vertex questions | 求顶点时优先使用配方式
By practising these techniques regularly, you will build confidence in identifying the fastest method for each quadratic problem in the IGCSE examination.
通过定期练习这些技巧,你将更有信心在 IGCSE 考试中为每道二次题目选择最快的方法。
Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)

或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图