📚 Bar Charts and Pictograms – Student's Edition Grade 2 Lesson 16-4 | 条形图与象形图（学生版二年级 16-4 课）
Welcome to this IGCSE Maths revision note on bar charts and pictograms - two essential ways of displaying categorical data. You will need to read values accurately, compare frequencies, and construct clear diagrams using a sensible scale.
欢迎阅读本篇 IGCSE 数学复习笔记，主题是条形图与象形图——两种展示分类数据的重要方式。你需要准确读取数值、比较频数，并使用合理的刻度绘制清晰的图表。
1. What You Need to Know | 考点概述
Bar charts and pictograms are tested in IGCSE Maths because they show how often each category occurs. You should be able to move between a frequency table, a bar chart and a pictogram without losing information.
条形图与象形图在 IGCSE 数学中经常考查，因为它们能显示每个类别出现的次数。你应当能够在频数表、条形图和象形图之间灵活转换，并且不丢失信息。
Typical questions ask you to read a missing frequency, draw bars to a given scale, or decide which diagram is easier to use in a real situation. The marks are often for accuracy, labelling and correct interpretation of a key or scale.
典型题目会要求你读取缺失的频数、按给定刻度绘制条形，或判断在实际情况中哪种图表更易于使用。这些题目的得分点通常在于准确性、标注以及对图例或刻度的正确解读。
Keep in mind that data presented in a bar chart or pictogram is categorical, not numerical in the sense of a measurement. You cannot use the space between bars to infer a continuous trend.
请记住，条形图或象形图中呈现的数据是分类数据，而不是测量意义上的数值数据。你不能利用条形之间的间隔来推断连续趋势。
2. Bar Chart Basics | 条形图基础
A bar chart uses rectangular bars to represent data. The length or height of each bar is proportional to the frequency it represents.
条形图使用长方形条形来表示数据。每个条形的长度或高度与它所代表的频数成比例。
Bar charts are used for categorical data, such as favourite colours, transport methods or types of fruit. The bars do not touch because the categories are separate and there is no numerical gap between them that has meaning.
条形图用于分类数据，例如最喜欢的颜色、交通方式或水果种类。条形之间不相连，因为各分类是独立的，它们之间不存在有意义的数值间隔。
Usually the horizontal axis shows the category and the vertical axis shows the frequency. A clear title and labelled axes are essential, and in IGCSE exams a missing label can lose a mark even if the bars are drawn correctly.
通常横轴表示类别，纵轴表示频数。清晰的标题和轴标签是必不可少的，在 IGCSE 考试中，即使条形绘制正确，缺少标签也可能失分。
Do not confuse a bar chart with a histogram. In IGCSE Maths, a bar chart is for categorical data with separate bars, while a histogram is for continuous data with touching bars and frequency density on the vertical axis.
不要把条形图与直方图混淆。在 IGCSE 数学中，条形图用于分类数据，条形分离；而直方图用于连续数据，条形相连，纵轴表示频率密度。
3. Reading Bar Charts | 读取条形图
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