📚 T-2-1128 IGCSE Algebra: Solving Quadratic Equations | T-2-1128 IGCSE 代数:解二次方程
Quadratic equations appear throughout the IGCSE Mathematics syllabus, from basic factorisation to applications in geometry, sequences and real-life modelling. This revision guide covers standard form, factorisation, the quadratic formula, completing the square, the discriminant and graphical interpretation. By mastering these techniques, you can solve a wide range of exam questions quickly and accurately.
二次方程贯穿 IGCSE 数学课程,从基础因式分解到几何、数列和现实建模中的应用。本复习指南涵盖标准形式、因式分解法、二次公式、配方法、判别式以及图像解释。掌握这些方法后,你可以快速准确地解答各类考试题目。
1. What Is a Quadratic Equation? | 什么是二次方程?
nts and a is not zero. The highest power of the variable x is 2, which is why it is called 'quadratic'.
二次方程是二次多项式方程。它总能写成一般形式 ax² + bx + c = 0,其中 a、b、c 是常数且 a 不等于零。变量 x 的最高次数为 2,因此称为“二次”。
equations. The first has a = 2, b = −3 and c = 1; the second has a = 1, b = 0 and c = −9.
例如,2x² − 3x + 1 = 0、x² − 9 = 0 和 4x² = 12x − 5 都是二次方程。第一个方程中 a = 2、b = −3、c = 1;第二个方程中 a = 1、b = 0、c = −9。
2. Standard Form and Coefficients | 标准形式与系数
s it easier to identify a, b and c correctly, especially when using the quadratic formula.
在解任何二次方程之前,应把所有项移到一边,使另一边等于零。这种标准形式 ax² + bx + c = 0 便于正确识别 a、b、c,尤其是在使用二次公式时。
on error is to keep the equation in its original form and use b = 5 or c = −2 incorrectly.
例如,3x² = 5x − 2 应改写为 3x² − 5x + 2 = 0。此时 a = 3、b = −5、c = 2。一个常见错误是保持原始形式,从而误用 b = 5 或 c = −2。
3. Solving by Factorisation | 因式分解法
oduct of two linear brackets: (px + q)(rx + s) = 0. Then solve each bracket equal to zero.
如果二次表达式能整齐地因式分解,因式分解法通常是最快的方法。将 ax² + bx + c 写成两个一次括号的乘积:(px + q)(rx + s) = 0。然后令每个括号等于零求解。
x + 3) = 0. Setting each factor to zero gives x + 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0, so x = −2 or x = −3.
示例:解 x² + 5x + 6 = 0。因式分解为 (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0。令每个因式为零,得到 x + 2 = 0 或 x + 3 = 0,因此 x = −2 或 x = −3。
x + 1) + 3(2x + 1) = 0, giving (2x + 1)(x + 3) = 0. The solutions are x = −1/2 and x = −3.
对于 a 不等于 1 的方程,例如 2x² + 7x + 3 = 0,可分解中间项:2x² + x + 6x + 3 = 0,然后分组分解:x(2x + 1) + 3(2x + 1) = 0,得到 (2x + 1)(x + 3) = 0。解为 x = −1/2 和 x = −3。
4. The Zero Product Property | 零乘积性质
ro. Therefore, once you have (px + q)(rx + s) = 0, you can write px + q = 0 or rx + s = 0.
因式分解法基于零乘积性质:如果两个实数之积为零,则至少其中一个必须为零。因此,一旦得到 (px + q)(rx + s) = 0,就可以写出 px + q = 0 或 rx + s = 0。
x + 2 = 4 or x + 3 = 4. The equation must first be expanded and rearranged to equal zero.
这就是为什么在因式分解前必须将方程化为 ... = 0 的形式。如果右边不是零,例如 (x + 2)(x + 3) = 4,不能简单地令 x + 2 = 4 或 x + 3 = 4。必须先将方程展开并化为等于零。
5. The Quadratic Formula | 二次公式
r impossible, use the quadratic formula. For ax² + bx + c = 0, the solutions are given by:
当因式分解困难或不可能时,使用二次公式。对于 ax² + bx + c = 0,解为:
x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) ÷ 2a
, b = −3 and c = −5. Substituting gives x = (3 ± √((−3)² − 4 × 2 × (−5))) ÷ (2 × 2) = (3 ± √9 + 40) ÷ 4 = (3 ± 7) ÷ 4, so x = 10/4 = 2.5 or x = −4/4 = −1.
代入 a、b、c 时要格外小心,特别注意负号。例如,在 2x² − 3x − 5 = 0 中,a = 2、b = −3、c = −5。代入得到 x = (3 ± √((−3)² − 4 × 2 × (−5))) ÷ (2 × 2) = (3 ± √9 + 40) ÷ 4 = (3 ± 7) ÷ 4,因此 x = 10/4 = 2.5 或 x = −4/4 = −1。
6. Discriminant and Nature of Roots | 判别式与根的性质
The expression inside the square root, b² −
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