📚 Quadratic Equations: Factorising, Formula and Graphs | 二次方程:因式分解、求根公式与图像
In IGCSE Mathematics, quadratic equations appear in algebra, graph sketching, and real-life problems. This article explains how to recognise, solve, and sketch quadratic equations using factorising, the quadratic formula, the discriminant, completing the square, and graph methods.
在 IGCSE 数学中,二次方程出现在代数、图像绘制和实际生活问题中。本文将讲解如何识别、求解和绘制二次方程,方法包括因式分解、求根公式、判别式、配方法以及图像法。
1. What Is a Quadratic Equation? | 什么是二次方程?
on a ≠ 0 is essential because if a = 0, the equation becomes linear rather than quadratic.
二次方程是二次多项式方程。它的最高次幂是 x²,通常可以写成标准形式 ax² + bx + c = 0,其中 a、b 和 c 是常数,并且 a ≠ 0。条件 a ≠ 0 非常重要,因为如果 a = 0,方程就变成一次方程而不是二次方程。
ons. In IGCSE questions, you may be asked to solve them algebraically or to use their graphs to find approximate solutions.
例如,x² + 5x + 6 = 0、2x² − 3x + 1 = 0 和 x² − 9 = 0 都是二次方程。在 IGCSE 题目中,你可能需要代数求解,或者利用图像求近似解。
2. Writing in Standard Form | 写成标准形式
Before solving a quadratic equation, rearrange it so that all terms are on one side and zero is on the other side. Collect like terms and write the expression in descending powers of x: the x² term first, then the x term, and finally the constant term. This makes it much easier to identify a, b and c correctly.
在求解二次方程之前,要先把方程重新排列,使所有项都在等号一边,另一边为零。合并同类项,并按 x 的降幂排列:先写 x² 项,再写 x 项,最后写常数项。这样可以更容易地正确找出 a、b 和 c。
= −7. Taking time to write the equation in standard form helps prevent sign errors later.
例如,3x + 5 = x² − 2 可以整理为 x² − 3x − 7 = 0。在这个形式下,a = 1,b = −3,c = −7。花点时间把方程写成标准形式有助于避免后面的符号错误。
3. Solving by Factorising | 用因式分解法求解
rx + s) = 0. Then set each bracket equal to zero and solve the resulting linear equations.
当二次方程具有简单的整数根时,因式分解通常是最快的方法。目标是把 ax² + bx + c = 0 写成 (px + q)(rx + s) = 0,然后令每个括号等于零,并求解得到的一次方程。
(x + 3) = 0. Setting each bracket to zero gives x + 2 = 0 → x = −2 and x + 3 = 0 → x = −3.
示例:解 x² + 5x + 6 = 0。我们需要两个数,它们的积为 6,和为 5。这两个数是 2 和 3,因此因式分解为 (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0。令每个括号等于零,得到 x + 2 = 0 → x = −2 和 x + 3 = 0 → x = −3。
Always check your factorisation by expanding the brackets. If the expanded middle term does not match the original, the factorisation is incorrect. This quick check can save many marks in the exam.
一定要通过展开括号来检验你的因式分解。如果展开后的中间项与原来不一致,说明因式分解有误。这个快速检查可以在考试中帮你避免很多失分。
4. Special Case: Difference of Two Squares | 特例:平方差
Some quadratic expressions have the special form a² − b². This is called the difference of two squares, and it factorises as (a + b)(a − b). This pattern appears frequently in IGCSE papers because it gives two opposite roots.
有些二次表达式具有特殊形式 a² − b²。这叫做平方差,它可以因式分解为 (a + b)(a − b)。这种模式在 IGCSE 试卷中经常出现,因为它会给出两个互为相反数的根。
to (x + 3)(x − 3) = 0. Therefore x = −3 or x = 3. The solutions are symmetric around zero.
示例:解 x² − 9 = 0。把 x² − 9 写成 x² − 3²,它因式分解为 (x + 3)(x − 3) = 0。因此 x = −3 或 x = 3。这两个解关于零对称。
sed into real linear factors, so the equation x² + 9 = 0 has no real roots at IGCSE level.
注意平方和的情况。例如,x² + 9 在实数范围内不能分解为一次因式,因此方程 x² + 9 = 0 在 IGCSE 范围内没有实数根。
5. The Quadratic Formula | 求根公式
equation in the form ax² + bx + c = 0, the solutions are given by the following equation.
当因式分解比较困难或无法进行时,可以始终使用求根公式。对于形如 ax² + bx + c = 0 的二次方程,其解由以下公式给出。
x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) / (2a)
This formula works for any quadratic equation, even when the roots are irrational, negative, or when the coefficient of x² is not equal to 1. Substitute the values of a, b and c very carefully, especially when negative signs are involved.
这个公式适用于任何二次方程,即使根是无理数、负数,或者 x² 的系数不等于 1。代入 a、b 和 c 的值时要非常小心,尤其是在涉及负号的情况下。
− 2 = 0. Here a = 2, b = 3, c = −2. Then x = (−3 ± √(3² − 4 × 2 × (−2))) / (2 × 2) = (−3 ± √9 + 16) /
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