📚 IGCSE Maths Topic T-1-1066: Quadratic Equations | IGCSE 数学专题 T-1-1066:二次方程
rs factorising, completing the square, the quadratic formula, graphs, inequalities and common exam traps.
二次方程贯穿 IGCSE 大纲,从代数运算、坐标几何到现实建模均有涉及。二次方程是任何能写成标准形式 ax² + bx + c = 0 的方程,其中 a ≠ 0。本文涵盖因式分解、配方法、二次公式、图像、不等式以及常见考试陷阱。
1. What is a Quadratic Equation? | 什么是二次方程?
ear. Quadratic equations may have two real solutions, one repeated real solution, or no real solutions, depending on the discriminant, which we will discuss later.
在 IGCSE 数学中,二次方程是次数为 2 的方程。其标准形式为 ax² + bx + c = 0,其中 a、b、c 为常数,且 a 不能为 0。若 a = 0,方程就变成一次方程。二次方程可能有两个实根、一个重根或没有实根,这取决于后面要讲的判别式。
to x² - 3x - 4 = 0. Expanding products such as (x + 2)(x - 5) = 0 also gives a quadratic.
即使方程没有整齐写出,你也要能识别二次方程。例如 x² - 3x = 4 可以整理为 x² - 3x - 4 = 0。展开乘积如 (x + 2)(x - 5) = 0 也会得到二次方程。
2. Solving by Factorising | 因式分解法求解
the left-hand side into two linear brackets. Finally, set each bracket equal to zero and solve for x.
当二次方程有整数根时,因式分解通常是最快的方法。先把方程写成 ax² + bx + c = 0。然后把左边分解为两个一次因式。最后令每个括号等于零并解出 x。
5x + 6 = 0. Factorise: (x - 2)(x - 3) = 0. Thus x - 2 = 0 or x - 3 = 0, so x = 2 or x = 3.
例如:解 x² - 5x + 6 = 0。因式分解得 (x - 2)(x - 3) = 0。因此 x - 2 = 0 或 x - 3 = 0,所以 x = 2 或 x = 3。
3. Completing the Square | 配方法
Completing the square rewrites ax² + bx + c in the form a(x + p)² + q. It is useful for finding turning points, deriving the quadratic formula, and solving equations that do not factorise neatly. For a monic quadratic x² + bx + c, add and subtract (b/2)².
配方法把 ax² + bx + c 写成 a(x + p)² + q 的形式。它适用于求顶点、推导二次公式以及求解不易因式分解的方程。对于首项系数为 1 的二次式 x² + bx + c,加减 (b/2)²。
x² + bx + c = (x + b/2)² - (b/2)² + c
Example: Solve x² + 6x + 2 = 0 by completing the square.
例如:用配方法解 x² + 6x + 2 = 0。
x² + 6x = -2 → x² + 6x + 9 = 7 → (x + 3)² = 7 → x = -3 ± √7
We add 9 to both sides because (6/2)² = 9. The final solutions are x = -3 + √7 and x = -3 - √7.
我们在两边同时加 9,因为 (6/2)² = 9。最终解为 x = -3 + √7 和 x = -3 - √7。
4. The Quadratic Formula | 二次公式
The quadratic formula solves any quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0. It states that
二次公式可以求解任何二次方程 ax² + bx + c = 0。公式为
x = [-b ± √b² - 4ac] / (2a)
This is given in the IGCSE formula sheet for many boards, but you must know how to substitute correctly.
许多考试局的 IGCSE 公式表会提供该公式,但你必须会正确代入。
Example: Solve 2x² - 3x -
Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)

或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图