📚 Solving Quadratic Equations: Factorising, Formula and Graphs | 解二次方程:因式分解、公式法与图像
A quadratic equation is one of the most important topics in IGCSE Mathematics. It appears in algebra, coordinate geometry, number problems, and even in real-world modelling. Mastering the methods of solving quadratic equations — factorising, completing the square, using the quadratic formula, and reading graphs — will give you confidence in both Paper 1 and Paper 2. This revision guide explains each method step by step with exam-style examples and common pitfalls.
二次方程是 IGCSE 数学中最重要的主题之一。它出现在代数、坐标几何、数字问题甚至现实世界建模中。掌握求解二次方程的方法——因式分解、配方法、二次公式和图像读数——将帮助你在 Paper 1 和 Paper 2 中建立信心。本复习指南逐步解释每种方法,并提供考试题型示例和常见错误提示。
1. What is a Quadratic Equation? | 什么是二次方程?
ic equations. The expression ax² + bx + c is called a quadratic expression, and its highest power of x is 2.
一元二次方程是可以写成标准形式 ax² + bx + c = 0 的方程,其中 a、b 和 c 是常数,且 a ≠ 0。a ≠ 0 这个条件很重要,因为如果 a = 0,方程就变成了一次方程,而不是二次方程。例如 2x² − 3x + 1 = 0、x² − 9 = 0 和 4x² + 5x = 0 都是二次方程。表达式 ax² + bx + c 称为二次式,其中 x 的最高次数是 2。
ax² + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0
2. Solving by Factorising | 因式分解法
and solve. Always rearrange the equation to the form ax² + bx + c = 0 before factorising.
当二次式可以容易地因式分解时,因式分解法通常是最快的方法。对于简单的二次式 x² + bx + c,寻找两个数,使它们相乘等于 c,相加等于 b。如果这两个数是 p 和 q,那么 x² + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q)。因式分解后,令每个括号等于零并求解。在因式分解之前,一定要先把方程整理成 ax² + bx + c = 0 的形式。
2)(x − 3) = 0. Set each factor to zero: x − 2 = 0 or x − 3 = 0. Solutions: x = 2 or x = 3.
例子:解 x² − 5x + 6 = 0。因式分解:(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0。令每个因式为零:x − 2 = 0 或 x − 3 = 0。解为:x = 2 或 x = 3。
3. Factorising When a ≠ 1 | 当 a ≠ 1 时的因式分解
When a ≠ 1, the factorising process is slightly longer. One reliable method is to find two numbers that multiply to ac and add to b, then split the middle term and factorise by grouping. Always check your factors by expanding them.
当 a ≠ 1 时,因式分解的过程会稍长一些。一种可靠的方法是找到两个数,它们相乘等于 ac,相加等于 b,然后拆开中间项并分组因式分解。一定要通过展开来检查你的因式。
up: x(2x + 1) + 3(2x + 1) = 0. Factor: (2x + 1)(x + 3) = 0. Solutions: x = −1/2 or x = −3.
例子:解 2x² + 7x + 3 = 0。这里 a = 2, b = 7, c = 3,所以 ac = 6。我们需要两个数相乘等于 6,相加等于 7,这两个数是 1 和 6。拆中间项:2x² + x + 6x + 3 = 0。分组:x(2x + 1) + 3(2x + 1) = 0。因式分解:(2x + 1)(x + 3) = 0。解为:x = −1/2 或 x = −3。
4. The Zero Product Property | 零乘积性质
The key idea behind solving by factorising is the zero
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