📚 IGCSE Chemistry 2026-2028 Syllabus Changes: Key Updates | IGCSE 化学 2026-2028 大纲主要变化解析
The Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry syllabus for examination in 2026, 2027 and 2028 has been revised to reflect a stronger emphasis on sustainability, practical skills and genuine student understanding. This guide breaks down the main changes so you can plan your study and revision with confidence, whether you are a Core or an Extended candidate.
2026、2027 和 2028 年考试的剑桥 IGCSE 化学大纲经过修订，更加重视可持续性、实验技能和学生真正的理解能力。本指南将逐项解析主要变化，无论你是 Core 还是 Extended 考生，都能据此自信地规划学习与复习。
1. Overview of the 2026-2028 Updates | 2026-2028 更新概览
The updated Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry syllabus keeps the familiar Core and Extended structure, but the content has been refined to reduce rote learning and increase application. The changes table at the start of the syllabus document is the best place to see exactly what has been added, removed or moved.
更新后的剑桥 IGCSE 化学大纲保留了大家熟悉的 Core 和 Extended 结构，但内容经过细化，以减少死记硬背并增加应用。大纲文件开头的变更表是查看具体新增、删除或调整内容的最佳位置。
Students who are already using resources based on the previous syllabus do not need to start from scratch. Most topics remain the same, but you must check the revised learning objectives because some questions will now be asked in a more integrated way.
已经使用旧大纲资源的学生不必从零开始。大多数主题保持不变，但你必须核对修订后的学习目标，因为有些题目现在会以更综合的方式考查。
The three headline themes of the revision can be summarised as follows.
本次修订的三个核心主题可以概括如下。
- Sustainability: greener industrial processes, recycling, energy resources and environmental chemistry appear more frequently and are linked to real contexts.
- Practical skills: experimental design, measurement, data handling and evaluation carry greater weight in the assessment objectives.
- Understanding over recall: fewer lists to memorise, more questions asking you to explain, predict and justify.
- 可持续性：更绿色的工业流程、回收、能源与环境化学出现频率更高，并与真实情境挂钩。
- 实验技能：实验设计、测量、数据处理与评价在考核目标中权重更大。
- 理解重于记忆：需要背诵的清单减少，要求你解释、预测和论证的题目增多。
2. Assessment Structure: Revised Papers | 试卷结构变化
The overall paper model for Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry (0620) remains based on multiple-choice papers, written theory papers and practical assessment. Core candidates take Papers 1 and 3, while Extended candidates take Papers 2 and 4. Both routes are completed by either a practical test or an alternative-to-practical paper.
剑桥 IGCSE 化学（0620）的整体试卷模式仍以选择题卷、书面理论卷和实验评估为基础。Core 考生考 Paper 1 和 Paper 3，Extended 考生考 Paper 2 和 Paper 4。两条路径都需要再完成一份实验操作卷或一份“实验替代卷”。
| Paper | Route | Focus | Approx. weighting |
| Paper 1 | Core | Multiple choice | 30% |
| Paper 2 | Extended | Multiple choice | 30% |
| Paper 3 | Core | Theory (short answer + structured) | 50% |
| Paper 4 | Extended | Theory (short answer + structured) | 50% |
| Paper 5 | Both | Practical test (hands-on) | 20% |
| Paper 6 | Both | Alternative to practical (written) | 20% |
Always confirm the exact paper combination with your school and with the current syllabus document, because entry codes and paper availability vary by examination series and by centre.
请务必与学校以及最新大纲文件确认具体的试卷组合，因为报名代码和试卷开设情况会因考试季和考试中心而不同。
3. Sustainability and Green Chemistry | 可持续性与绿色化学
One of the clearest shifts in the 2026-2028 syllabus is the way sustainability is woven through the content rather than being confined to a single environmental chapter. Questions about carbon footprint, life-cycle thinking, renewable feedstocks and the recycling of materials now appear linked to topics such as fuels, polymers and metal extraction.
2026-2028 大纲最明显的变化之一，是把可持续性贯穿到各个内容板块，而不是只放在某一章环境化学里。关于碳足迹、生命周期思维、可再生原料和材料回收的题目，现在会与燃料、聚合物、金属提取等主题联系起来考查。
Hydrogen is a good example of the new style of question. You may be asked to compare hydrogen with petrol as a fuel, using the combustion equation and referring to the product formed.
氢气就是新题型的一个典型例子。你可能会被要求比较氢气和汽油作为燃料的优劣，需要写出燃烧方程式并指出生成物。
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
A strong answer notes that the only product is water, so there is no CO₂ or SO₂ released at the point of use, but also that hydrogen is often produced from fossil fuels and is difficult to store and transport. This "benefits plus limitations" structure is exactly what examiners reward.
优秀的答案会指出：唯一产物是水，因此使用环节不排放 CO₂ 或 SO₂；但同时也要说明氢气常由化石燃料制取，且储存与运输困难。这种“优点加局限”的结构正是考官给分的地方。
- Green chemistry principles: atom economy, fewer steps, safer solvents, catalysts instead of excess reagents.
- Recycling: why aluminium is worth recycling (energy saved compared with electrolysis of the ore).
- Renewable versus non-renewable resources, and the difference between renewable and sustainable.
- 绿色化学原则：原子经济性、步骤更少、溶剂更安全、用催化剂替代过量试剂。
- 回收：铝为什么值得回收（相比从矿石电解，可节省大量能量）。
- 可再生与不可再生资源的区别，以及“可再生”与“可持续”的区别。
4. Practical Skills and Experimental Design | 实验技能与实验设计
The revised assessment objectives place more weight on the skills that sit behind an experiment, not just the final number. You are expected to identify variables, choose apparatus, describe a suitable method, record results with appropriate precision and evaluate the reliability of your data.
修订后的考核目标更看重实验背后的技能，而不仅是最后那个数字。你需要能识别变量、选择仪器、描述合适的方法、以恰当精度记录结果，并评价数据的可靠性。
When you write a method, be explicit about the control variables and the measuring instrument. "Measure 25.0 cm³ of the acid with a pipette" is worth more than "put some acid in a beaker".
写实验步骤时，要明确写出控制变量和测量仪器。“用移液管量取 25.0 cm³ 酸液”比“把一些酸倒进烧杯”得分高得多。
| Skill | What examiners look for |
| Design | Independent, dependent and control variables clearly identified |
| Measurement | Correct apparatus, correct unit, sensible number of decimal places |
| Recording | Clear table with headings and units, consistent significant figures |
| Analysis | Suitable graph, line of best fit, correct interpretation of gradient |
| Evaluation | Specific sources of error plus a realistic improvement |
Vague statements such as "human error" are not credited. Replace them with a named problem and a named fix, for example "heat loss to the surroundings, reduced by using a lid and a polystyrene cup".
“人为误差”这类含糊说法不会得分。要改成具体问题加具体改进，例如“向环境散热，可通过加盖子和使用聚苯乙烯杯减少”。
5. Learning Objectives: Less Rote, More Reasoning | 学习目标：少背多推理
The syllabus has trimmed some purely descriptive content and sharpened the command words used in the learning objectives. This changes what a "good answer" looks like: definitions alone rarely earn full marks, while explanations that link cause and effect usually do.
大纲削减了一些纯描述性内容，并强化了学习目标中使用的指令词。这改变了“好答案”的样子：只写定义很少能拿满分，而能把因果关系讲清楚的解释通常可以。
- State / Give: a short factual answer, no reasoning needed.
- Describe: say what happens, in sequence, with observations.
- Explain: give a reason using a chemical idea, often with a particle model.
- Calculate: show working, units and an appropriate number of significant figures.
- Suggest: apply your knowledge to an unfamiliar context.
- Evaluate: weigh up advantages and disadvantages and reach a judgement.
In Chinese, the same hierarchy applies: 写出、描述、解释、计算、提出、评价。如果你只写了“是什么”而题目问的是“为什么”，分数就会丢失。
A practical revision technique is to rewrite your notes as questions using these command words. If you can answer an "explain" question in two linked clauses, you understand the topic; if you can only produce a definition, you have memorised it.
一个实用的复习方法是用这些指令词把笔记改写成问题。如果你能用两个相互关联的分句回答一道“解释”题，说明你真正理解了；如果只能背出定义，那只是记住了而已。
6. Atomic Structure, Bonding and Structure | 原子结构、化学键与物质结构
The atomic structure content remains the foundation of the course, but the emphasis moves towards using the model rather than reciting it. Expect questions that ask you to link structure to a physical property such as melting point, conductivity or solubility.
原子结构部分仍是整个课程的基础，但重点从背诵模型转向使用模型。可以预期会出现要求你把结构与熔点、导电性或溶解性等物理性质联系起来的题目。
You should be able to write electronic configurations in the 2,8,8 pattern, explain why isotopes of the same element have identical chemical properties, and relate the charge on an ion to its position in the Periodic Table.
你应当能按 2,8,8 的方式写出电子排布，解释同一元素的同位素为何化学性质相同，并把离子的电荷与其在周期表中的位置联系起来。
- Ionic bonding: transfer of electrons, giant lattice, high melting point, conducts only when molten or aqueous.
- Covalent bonding: shared pairs, simple molecular substances with weak intermolecular forces.
- Metallic bonding: delocalised electrons explaining conductivity and malleability.
- Giant covalent structures: diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide, each explained through bonding.
- 离子键：电子转移、巨型晶格、熔点高、仅在熔融或水溶液中导电。
- 共价键：共用电子对、简单分子物质具有较弱的分子间作用力。
- 金属键：离域电子解释了导电性和延展性。
- 巨型共价结构：金刚石、石墨和二氧化硅，都要用成键来解释其性质。
7. Quantitative Chemistry and Mole Calculations | 定量化学与摩尔计算
Quantitative chemistry continues to carry significant marks and is one of the areas where the new integrated style is most visible. Rather than an isolated mole calculation, a question may begin with an experimental result and then ask for concentration, percentage yield or atom economy.
定量化学依然占据重要分值，也是新“综合”风格最明显的领域之一。题目可能先给出一个实验结果，再要求你求浓度、产率或原子经济性，而不是孤立地考摩尔计算。
The core relationships you must be able to use fluently are shown below.
以下是你必须能熟练使用的核心关系式。
moles = mass ÷ molar mass
moles = concentration × volume (dm³)
percentage yield = (actual yield ÷ theoretical yield) × 100
atom economy = (Mr of desired product ÷ total Mr of all reactants) × 100
Remember that 1 dm³ = 1000 cm³, and that Avogadro' t errors cost more marks than arithmetic errors, so convert volumes before you substitute.
记住 1 dm³ = 1000 cm³，阿伏加德罗常数为每摩尔 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子。单位错误丢的分往往比算错更多，所以代入前先换算体积。
- Always write the balanced equation first; the ratio is the key to the calculation.
- Show working line by line so partial credit can be awarded.
- Give the final answer to a sensible number of significant figures, usually three.
- 先写出配平方程式，系数比是解题关键。
- 一步步写出过程，以便获得步骤分。
- 最终答案取合理有效数字，通常为三位。
8. Organic Chemistry and Fuels | 有机化学与燃料
Organic chemistry keeps its familiar sequence of crude oil, fractional distillation, cracking, homologous series and polymers, but the applications have been broadened to include biofuels and the environmental consequences of combustion.
有机化学保留了原油、分馏、裂化、同系物和聚合物这一熟悉的顺序，但应用范围有所扩展，加入了生物燃料以及燃烧对环境的影响。
g the presence of a C=C double bond, and write balanced equations for complete combustion.
你应当能说出烷烃和烯烃同系物的前几个成员，用 C=C 双键的存在解释反应性的差异，并写出完全燃烧的配平方程式。
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂
The fermentation equation above is worth memorising along with the conditions: yeast, warm but not boiling, and the absence of air. Ethanol produced this way is renewable, which links directly to the sustainability theme.
上面的发酵方程式值得连同条件一起记住：酵母、温暖但不沸腾、隔绝空气。用这种方法制得的乙醇是可再生的，这直接呼应了可持续性主题。
- Alkanes: saturated, generally unreactive, burn to give CO₂ and H₂O.
- Alkenes: unsaturated, decolourise bromine water, undergo addition polymerisation.
- Polymers: addition versus condensation, and the difficulty of disposing of non-biodegradable plastics.
- 烷烃：饱和、一般较不活泼，燃烧生成 CO₂ 和 H₂O。
- 烯烃：不饱和、能使溴水褪色，可发生加聚反应。
- 聚合物：加聚与缩聚的区别，以及不可生物降解塑料的处理难题。
9. Rates, Equilibrium and Energetics | 速率、平衡与能量
Rates of reaction, reversible reactions and energy changes are now frequently assessed together, because they share the same underlying particle model. A single stimulus about an industrial process can generate questions on collision theory, Le Chatelier's principle and the sign of the enthalpy change.
反应速率、可逆反应与能量变化现在常被合并考查，因为它们共享同一个粒子模型基础。一段关于工业流程的材料，就可以衍生出碰撞理论、勒夏特列原理和焓变正负号等多道题。
The collision theory paragraph you write should mention frequency of collisions and energy of collisions. A catalyst increases the rate by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy; it does not change the position of equilibrium or the yield.
写碰撞理论时，要提到碰撞频率和碰撞能量。催化剂通过提供活化能更低的替代路径来加快反应速率；它不改变平衡位置，也不改变产率。
Exothermic: ΔH is negative, energy released to the surroundings
Endothermic: ΔH is positive, energy taken in from the surroundings
In bond energy calculations, remember that breaking bonds is endothermic and making bonds is exothermic. The overall sign of ΔH depends on which total is larger.
在键能计算中，记住断键吸热、成键放热。ΔH 的总体符号取决于哪一边的总能量更大。
10. Acids, Bases and Environmental Chemistry | 酸碱与环境化学
Acids, bases and salts remain a large topic, with titration calculations and the preparation of soluble salts appearing regularly. The environmental strand is now more tightly attached to this topic through acid rain, water treatment and the chemistry of greenhouse gases.
酸、碱、盐依然是重头内容，滴定计算和可溶性盐的制备经常出现。环境相关的内容现在通过酸雨、水处理和温室气体化学，与这一主题联系得更紧密。
Make sure you can distinguish between a strong acid and a concentrated acid, and between a weak acid and a dilute acid. This distinction is a classic source of lost marks.
务必分清强酸与浓酸、弱酸与稀酸，这一区分是经典的失分点。
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
2NaOH + CO₂ → Na₂CO₃ + H₂O
The second equation is the standard test for carbon dioxide and is also relevant to the absorption of an acidic gas. Note that sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from combustion are the main causes of acid rain, forming sulfurous, sulfuric and nitric acids in the atmosphere.
第二个方程式是二氧化碳的标准检验方法，也与酸性气体的吸收有关。要注意，燃烧产生的二氧化硫和氮氧化物是酸雨的主要成因，它们在大气中生成亚硫酸、硫酸和硝酸。
11. Metals, Extraction and Recycling | 金属、提取与回收
The reactivity series and the extraction of metals continue to be examined, with a stronger emphasis on comparing methods and on the environmental cost of each route. Questions often ask you to justify why a particular method is used for a particular metal.
金属活动性顺序与金属提取仍属考查内容，但更强调比较不同方法以及每种路线的环境成本。题目常要求你论证为什么某种金属要采用某种提取方法。
Metals above carbon in the reactivity series must be extracted by electrolysis, which is expensive because of the electrical energy required. Metals below carbon can be reduced with carbon or carbon monoxide, as in the blast furnace.
活动性顺序中排在碳之前的金属必须用电解提取，由于需要电能，成本很高。排在碳之后的金属可以用碳或一氧化碳还原，例如高炉炼铁。
Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂
Recycling aluminium saves a very large proportion of the energy needed to extract it from bauxite, and it also reduces the volume of waste and the land damage caused by mining. These are the points to make when a question asks about sustainability.
回收铝可以节省从铝土矿提取铝所需的大部分能量，同时减少垃圾量以及采矿造成的土地破坏。当题目问到可持续性时，这些就是要写的要点。
- Corrosion: rusting requires both oxygen and water; barriers and sacrificial protection prevent it.
- Alloys: why steel, brass and bronze behave differently from their pure metals.
- Reactivity series: displacement reactions and the extraction method chosen.
- 腐蚀：生锈需要同时具备氧气和水；屏障保护与牺牲阳极保护可以防止生锈。
- 合金：为什么钢、黄铜和青铜的性质与纯金属不同。
- 活动性顺序：置换反应与所选择的提取方法。
12. Revision Strategy and Using the Changes Table | 复习策略与如何使用变更表
The most efficient way to handle a syllabus change is to work from the document itself. Read the changes table at the front, then tick off each
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