📚 Safety in the Laboratory | 实验室安全
Working safely in a chemistry laboratory is not just about following rules; it is the first practical skill every IGCSE chemist must master. Hazards from heat, glassware, flames and chemicals can cause serious injury if risks are not controlled. This article explains the key safety principles, hazard symbols and emergency responses you need to know for the IGCSE Chemistry course and for practical examinations.
在化学实验室安全工作不只是遵守规则，更是每位 IGCSE 化学学生必须掌握的第一项实践技能。如果风险没有得到控制，加热、玻璃器皿、明火和化学品带来的危险可能造成严重伤害。本文解释 IGCSE 化学课程和实验考试中需要掌握的关键安全原则、危险标志和应急处理方法。
1. Why Laboratory Safety Matters | 为什么实验室安全很重要
In IGCSE Chemistry, practical work gives you direct evidence for chemical ideas, but every practical procedure carries some risk. A moment of carelessness with a flame, a hot test tube or a corrosive solution can lead to burns, cuts, poisoning or fire.
在 IGCSE 化学中，实验课为化学概念提供了直接证据，但每个实验操作都带有一定风险。对待火焰、灼热的试管或腐蚀性溶液稍有不慎，就可能造成烧伤、割伤、中毒或火灾。
Safety rules are therefore not optional extras. They protect you, your classmates, teachers and the school environment. Understanding hazards also helps you design better investigations and answer safety-based exam questions accurately.
因此安全规则不是可有可无的附加要求。它们保护你、同学、老师和学校环境。理解危险源还能帮助你更好地设计探究实验，并在考试中准确回答与安全相关的问题。
2. Common Hazard Symbols | 常见危险标志
Hazard symbols are international pictograms used on chemical containers to warn users of specific dangers. IGCSE Chemistry expects you to recognise the main symbols and explain the precautions linked to each one.
危险标志是印在化学品容器上的国际通用象形图，用于警告使用者注意特定危险。IGCSE 化学要求你识别主要标志，并解释与每种标志相关的预防措施。
The common symbols include flammable, oxidising, corrosive, toxic, harmful or irritant, explosive and environmental hazard. A single substance can display more than one hazard symbol, so read the entire label before use.
常见标志包括易燃、助燃、腐蚀性、有毒、有害或刺激性、易爆和环境危害。一种物质可能带有多个危险标志，因此使用前要阅读完整标签。
| Hazard symbol | 标志 | Meaning | 含义 | Example | 实例 |
|---|---|---|
| Flame | 火焰 | Flammable, catches fire easily | 易燃，容易着火 | Ethanol, petrol | 乙醇、汽油 |
| Flame over circle | 圆圈上的火焰 | Oxidising, provides oxygen and can intensify fire | 助燃，能提供氧气使火势加剧 | Hydrogen peroxide, potassium manganate(VII) | 过氧化氢、高锰酸钾 |
| Corrosion symbol | 腐蚀性符号 | Corrosive, destroys living tissue and materials | 腐蚀性，会破坏活体组织和材料 | Concentrated sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide | 浓硫酸、氢氧化钠 |
| Skull and crossbones | 骷髅头交叉骨 | Toxic, can cause death or serious harm if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed | 有毒，吞入、吸入或皮肤吸收可致死或严重伤害 | Chlorine, lead compounds | 氯气、铅化合物 |
| Exclamation mark | 感叹号 | Harmful or irritant, less severe but still causes irritation | 有害或刺激性，程度较轻但仍会刺激 | Dilute copper sulfate, propanone | 稀硫酸铜、丙酮 |
| Explosion symbol | 爆炸符号 | Explosive, may detonate under heat or shock | 易爆，受热或撞击可能爆炸 | Some concentrated peroxides | 某些浓缩过氧化物 |
| Dead tree and fish | 枯树和鱼 | Environmental hazard, harms aquatic life and ecosystems | 环境危害，危害水生生物和生态系统 | Mercury, some pesticides | 汞、某些农药 |
3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | 个人防护装备
Personal protective equipment forms your first barrier against chemical splashes, heat and flying fragments. The minimum PPE in a chemistry laboratory includes safety goggles, a laboratory coat and closed shoes.
个人防护装备是抵御化学品飞溅、高温和飞溅碎屑的第一道屏障。化学实验室中最低标准的个人防护装备包括护目镜、实验服和不露脚趾的鞋子。
Safety goggles must be worn whenever heating, mixing or handling acids, alkalis or toxic substances. Ordinary spectacles are not enough because they do not seal the eyes from side splashes.
只要进行加热、混合或处理酸、碱和有毒物质，就必须佩戴护目镜。普通眼镜不够，因为它们不能从侧面防止飞溅物进入眼睛。
Long hair should be tied back, and loose clothing or scarves must be secured. They can trail into a Bunsen burner flame, dip into chemicals or knock over glassware.
长发应束起，宽松的衣服或围巾必须固定好。它们可能拖入本生灯火焰、浸入化学品或碰倒玻璃器皿。
4. Safe Handling of Chemicals | 安全处理化学品
Never taste any chemical, and never suck liquid into a pipette by mouth. Use a pipette filler or dropper so that toxic or corrosive liquids cannot enter your mouth.
切勿品尝任何化学品，也切勿用嘴吸取移液管中的液体。应使用洗耳球或滴管，以免有毒或腐蚀性液体进入口腔。
Read the label twice before taking a reagent, and close the container immediately after use. Never return unused chemicals to the stock bottle because this can contaminate the whole supply.
取用试剂前要读两次标签，用后立即盖紧容器。切勿将未用完的化学品倒回原装瓶，因为这会污染整瓶试剂。
When diluting concentrated acids, always add acid slowly to water while stirring, never water to acid. Adding water to concentrated acid generates enough heat to make the liquid boil and spit dangerously.
稀释浓酸时，必须将酸缓慢加入水中并不断搅拌，切勿将水加入酸中。将水加入浓酸会产生大量热量，使液体沸腾并危险地飞溅。
Volatile, toxic or strongly smelling substances should be handled in a fume cupboard to prevent inhalation.
挥发性、有毒或有强烈气味的物质应在通风橱中处理，以防止吸入。
5. Bunsen Burner and Heating Safety | 本生灯与加热安全
A Bunsen burner has two main flames. With the air hole closed, the yellow safety flame is visible and cooler; with the air hole open, the roaring blue flame is hotter and much harder to see.
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