📚 Living and Non-Living Things | 生物与非生物
This article is based on Cambridge Primary Science Learner's Book 1, pages 1-5. It helps young learners understand the difference between living and non-living things. We will explore the seven life processes and observe examples from everyday life. By the end, you will be able to sort objects into the correct group.
本文基于 Cambridge Primary Science Learner's Book 1 第1-5页的内容。它帮助小学习者理解生物与非生物之间的区别。我们将探索七大生命过程，并观察日常生活中的例子。学完之后，你将能够把物体正确地分类。
1. What Is a Scientist? | 什么是科学家？
A scientist is someone who observes the world and asks questions. In Cambridge Primary Science, you are already a scientist when you notice, compare, and sort objects. You use your five senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. Safety is important, so never taste or smell anything without an adult's permission. Scientists record what they find by drawing or writing.
科学家是观察世界并提出问题的人。在剑桥小学科学课程中，当你注意、比较和分类物体时，你已经是一名科学家了。你使用五种感官：视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉和味觉。安全很重要，所以未经成人许可，千万不要品尝或闻任何东西。科学家通过绘画或书写记录他们的发现。
2. Living or Non-Living? | 生物还是非生物？
Objects around us are either living or non-living. A living thing is alive and carries out life processes. A non-living thing is not alive and does not carry out these processes. For example, a bird is living because it eats, moves, and grows. A pencil is non-living because it cannot do these things.
我们周围的物体要么是生物，要么是非生物。生物是有生命的，并进行生命过程。非生物没有生命，不进行这些过程。例如，鸟是生物，因为它吃东西、会动和生长。铅笔是非生物，因为它不能做这些事情。
3. The Seven Life Processes (MRS GREN) | 七大生命过程 (MRS GREN)
Scientists use seven life processes to identify living things. The letters MRS GREN help us remember them: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition. If a thing shows all seven processes, it is alive. If even one process is missing, it is non-living. Let us look at each process more closely.
科学家使用七大生命过程来识别生物。字母 MRS GREN 帮助我们记住它们：运动、呼吸、应激性、生长、繁殖、排泄和营养。如果一个事物表现出全部七个过程，它就有生命。即使缺少一个过程，它也是非生物。让我们更仔细地看看每个过程。
4. Movement | 运动
Movement means changing position by yourself. Animals have legs, wings, or fins to move. Plants may not walk, but they slowly turn leaves toward light. Even small living things, such as bacteria, can move. Non-living things, like a ball, only move when something else pushes them.
运动意味着自己改变位置。动物有腿、翅膀或鳍来移动。植物可能不会行走，但它们会慢慢将叶子转向光。即使是微小的生物（如细菌）也能运动。非生物（如球）只有在其他物体推动时才会移动。
5. Respiration | 呼吸
Respiration is not just breathing in and out. It is the process of releasing energy from food inside cells. Animals take in oxygen using lungs or gills. Plants take in oxygen through tiny holes in their leaves. Respiration happens all the time in living things, even when they sleep.
呼吸不仅仅是吸气和呼气。它是细胞内部从食物中释放能量的过程。动物用肺或鳃吸入氧气。植物通过叶片上的小孔吸入氧气。呼吸在生物体内一直进行，即使在睡眠时也是如此。
6. Sensitivity | 应激性
Sensitivity means detecting and responding to the environment. Living things react to light, temperature, sound, and touch. If you shine a light on a woodlouse, it will move away. When the weather turns cold, some birds migrate to warmer places. These are all responses to changes.
应激性意味着探测环境并作出反应。生物对光、温度、声音和触摸作出反应。如果你用光照射土鳖，它会爬开。当天气变冷时，一些鸟迁徙到温暖的地方。这些都是对环境变化的反应。
7. Growth | 生长
All living things grow and develop. A seed becomes a seedling, then a mature plant. A kitten becomes a cat. Growth means increasing in size and often changing shape. Non-living things, such as crystals, may get bigger in some conditions, but they do not develop like living organisms.
所有生物都会生长和发育。种子变成幼苗，然后长成成熟的植物。小猫长成大猫。生长意味着尺寸增大且通常形状改变。非生物（如晶体）在某些条件下可能变大，但它们不会像生物那样发育。
8. Reproduction | 繁殖
Reproduction means making new individuals of the same species. Animals reproduce by having babies or laying eggs. Plants reproduce by producing seeds or spores. Some plants grow from cuttings. Reproduction is essential for the survival of a species, even though not every individual reproduces.
繁殖意味着产生同一物种的新个体。动物通过生育幼崽或产卵繁殖。植物通过产生种子或孢子繁殖。有些植物可以通过插条生长。繁殖对物种的生存至关重要，尽管并非每个个体都繁殖。
9. Excretion | 排泄
Excretion is the removal of waste products made by the body. Animals excrete carbon dioxide when they breathe out, and they remove liquid waste as urine. Plants excrete oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis. Getting rid of waste keeps living things healthy.
排泄是清除身体产生的废物。动物呼出二氧化碳，并以尿液形式排出液体废物。植物在光合作用中排出氧气作为废物。清除废物使生物保持健康。
10. Nutrition | 营养
Nutrition is taking in and using food. Animals eat plants or other animals to get energy. Plants make their own food through photosynthesis, using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. Some living things, such as fungi, absorb nutrients from dead material.
营养是摄取和利用食物。动物吃植物或其他动物来获取能量。植物通过光合作用制造自己的食物，利用阳光、水和二氧化碳。一些生物（如真菌）从死去的物质中吸收营养。
11. Comparing Living and Non-Living Things | 比较生物与非生物
The table below summarises the differences between living and non-living things. Use it to sort objects you find at home or school. Remember that some objects, such as fire, may seem alive because they move and grow, but they do not reproduce or respire. Fire is non-living.
下表总结了生物与非生物之间的差异。用它来整理你在家里或学校找到的物体。记住，有些物体（如火焰）看似有生命，因为它们会移动和变大，但它们不会繁殖或呼吸。火是非生物。
| Feature | Living Things | Non-Living Things |
|---|---|---|
| Movement | Move by themselves | Do not move by themselves |
| Respiration | Release energy from food | Do not respire |
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