📚 The Particle Theory of Matter | 物质粒子理论
The particle theory of matter is a fundamental idea in chemistry. It states that all substances are made up of tiny, moving particles. These particles are too small to see, even with a normal microscope. The theory helps scientists explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases, as well as changes such as melting, boiling, diffusion and expansion. In KS3 chemistry, you will use this model to understand how matter behaves in different conditions. Although the model is simple, it is very powerful for predicting observations.
物质粒子理论是化学中的一个基本概念。它指出所有物质都由微小的、不断运动的粒子组成。这些粒子非常小，即使使用普通显微镜也无法看到。该理论帮助科学家解释固体、液体和气体的性质，以及熔化、沸腾、扩散和膨胀等变化。在 KS3 化学中，你将使用这个模型来理解物质在不同条件下的行为。虽然这个模型很简单，但它在预测观察结果方面非常有用。
1. What is the Particle Theory? | 什么是粒子理论？
The particle theory has three main statements. First, all matter is made of particles. Second, the particles are always moving. Third, there are spaces between the particles. In a solid, liquid or gas, the amount of movement and the spaces between particles are different. These differences explain why the three states of matter have different properties.
粒子理论有三个主要陈述。第一，所有物质都由粒子组成。第二，粒子总是在运动。第三，粒子之间存在空隙。在固体、液体或气体中，粒子的运动程度和粒子之间的空隙是不同的。这些差异解释了为什么物质的三种状态具有不同的性质。
The word 'particle' is a general term. In chemistry, particles can be atoms, molecules or ions. At KS3 level, we often draw particles as small circles or spheres to represent these building blocks of matter. The model does not show what is inside the particles, but that is not needed to explain many everyday observations.
'粒子' 是一个通用术语。在化学中，粒子可以是原子、分子或离子。在 KS3 阶段，我们经常把粒子画成小圆或小球，用来表示物质的基本组成单元。这个模型不显示粒子内部的结构，但不需要它也能解释许多日常现象。
2. Particles in Solids | 固体中的粒子
In a solid, the particles are packed closely together in a regular, repeating arrangement. They are held in fixed positions by strong forces of attraction. The particles do not move from place to place; instead, they vibrate around fixed points. This explains why a solid has a fixed shape and a fixed volume.
在固体中，粒子紧密地排列在一起，形成规则、重复的结构。它们被强大的吸引力固定在固定位置上。粒子不会从一个位置移动到另一个位置；相反，它们在固定点附近振动。这就解释了为什么固体具有固定的形状和固定的体积。
Because the particles are already close together, a solid cannot be compressed easily. When you try to squeeze a piece of metal or a stone, its volume barely changes. The strong forces between particles also mean that a solid keeps its own shape unless a large force is applied.
由于粒子已经紧密地靠在一起，固体不容易被压缩。当你试图挤压一块金属或石头时，它的体积几乎不会改变。粒子之间的强大作用力也意味着固体能保持自己的形状，除非受到很大的外力。
3. Particles in Liquids | 液体中的粒子
In a liquid, the particles are still close together, but
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