📚 Graphs 9: Functions and Transformations | 图像9:函数与图像变换
Graphs are a cornerstone of IGCSE mathematics, allowing us to visualise relationships between variables and solve equations in a powerful, intuitive way. In this article, we explore the essential graph types required for Edexcel IGCSE, including linear, quadratic, cubic, reciprocal, and exponential functions, and then dive deep into graph transformations: translations, stretches, and reflections. Mastering these skills will give you the ability to sketch any function quickly and accurately, as well as interpret graphical solutions in context.
函数图像是 IGCSE 数学的基石,它能让我们直观地可视化变量之间的关系,并以一种强大且直观的方式解方程。本文将深入探讨 Edexcel IGCSE 考试所要求的基本图像类型,包括线性、二次、三次、倒数和指数函数,随后详细讲解图像的变换:平移、拉伸和反射。掌握这些技能后,你将能够快速准确地绘制任意函数草图,并结合实际情境解读图像解。
1. Introduction to Graphs | 函数图像简介
ng transformations, we can sketch the overall shape of a function and use it to find solutions to equations.
在 IGCSE 中,图像是展示两个变量(通常是自变量 x 和因变量 y)之间关系的示意图。图像上的每个点 (x, y) 都代表满足给定方程或函数 y = f(x) 的一对数值。通过描点或利用变换,我们可以画出函数的大致形状,并利用图像求解方程。
Key features to identify on graphs include: intercepts (where the graph crosses the axes), turning points (maximum or minimum values), asymptotes (lines the graph approaches but never touches), and symmetry. Understanding these features helps in sketching and interpreting graphs without needing excessive calculations.
识别图像的关键特征包括:截距(图像与坐标轴的交点)、转折点(极大值或极小值)、渐近线(图像无限接近但不会触及的直线)以及对称性。理解这些特征有助于在无需大量计算的情况下绘制和解读图像。
2. Linear Graphs | 线性函数图像
ally the y-intercept (0, c) and the x-intercept, found by setting y = 0 and solving for x.
线性函数的一般形式为 y = mx + c,其中 m 表示斜率,c 是 y 轴截距。其图像始终是一条直线。画草图时只需两个点:通常是 y 轴截距 (0, c) 和 x 轴截距(令 y = 0 求出 x 的值)。
horizontal. If the line is vertical, its equation is x = k, and the gradient is undefined.
斜率 m 衡量倾斜程度:m 为正时,直线从左向右上升;m 为负时,直线从左向右下降。若 m = 0,直线是水平的。若直线垂直于 x 轴,其方程为 x = k,此时斜率无定义。
3. Quadratic Graphs | 二次函数图像
+ bx + c, where a ≠ 0. Their graphs are parabolas. If a > 0, the parabola opens upwards (∪ shape) with a minimum point; if a < 0, it opens downwards (∩ shape) with a maximum point. The line of symmetry is x = –b/(2a), and the turning point lies on this line.
二次函数的形式为 y = ax² + bx + c,其中 a ≠ 0。其图像为抛物线。若 a > 0,抛物线开口向上(∪ 形),有极小值点;若 a < 0,抛物线开口向下(∩ 形),有极大值点。对称轴为 x = –b/(2a),转折点位于该直线上。
xist: two distinct roots if Δ > 0, one repeated root if Δ = 0, and no real roots if Δ < 0.
绘制二次函数草图时,需找出 y 轴截距 (c)、通过解方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 求得的根(x 轴截距)以及转折点坐标。判别式(Δ = b² − 4ac)表明实根的个数:若 Δ > 0,有两个相异实根;若 Δ = 0,有一个重根;若 Δ < 0,无实根。
4. Cubic Graphs | 三次函数图像
ns are expressed as y = ax³ + bx² + cx + d, with a ≠ 0. Their basic shape when a > 0 has a 'right-side up' it reverses. They can have up to three x-intercepts and either one or two turning points.
三次函数表示为 y = ax³ + bx² + cx + d,其中 a ≠ 0。当 a > 0 时,基本图像呈 “正 N” 形,从左下方向右上方延伸;当 a < 0 时则相反。它们最多可有三个 x 轴截距,拥有一个或两个转折点。
To sketch a cubic, find the y-intercept (d), solve for roots (at least one real root exists), and determine turning points via calculus or estimated by symmetry if the quadratic factor can be extracted. In IGCSE, you often plot a few key points to get the shape.
绘制三次函数草图时,找出 y 轴截距 (d),求解方程得到实根(至少存在一个实根),并通过微积分或对称性(如果能提取二次因式)确定转折点。在 IGCSE 中,通常通过描出几个关键点来得到图像形状。
5. Reciprocal Graphs | 倒数函数图像
mptotes: the graph approaches but never touches the x-axis (y = 0) and the y-axis (x = 0).
基本倒数函数为 y = 1/x,其图像是双曲线。它由两支分离的曲线组成,一支在第一象限(x > 0, y > 0),另一支在第三象限(x < 0, y < 0)。坐标轴是其渐近线:图像无限接近但永远不会触及 x 轴 (y = 0) 和 y 轴 (x = 0)。
Generalised reciprocal functions like y = a/(x – sign of a determines which quadrants the branches occupy relative to these new asymptotes.
形如 y = a/(x – h) + k 的一般倒数函数会使渐近线发生移动:垂直渐近线变为 x = h,水平渐近线变为 y = k。a 的正负决定了曲线分支位于新渐近线的哪两个象限。
6. Exponential Graphs | 指数函数图像
Exponential functions have the form y = aˣ (a > 0, a ≠ 1). The graph of y = aˣ 1, the graph decreases, also passing through (0, 1) and having the same asymptote but reflecting a decay pattern.
指数函数具有 y = aˣ (a > 0, a ≠ 1) 的形式。对于 a > 1,图像经过 (0, 1),在 x 为正值时急剧上升,而当 x 趋于负无穷时无限接近负 x 轴 (渐近线 y = 0)。当 0 < a < 1 时,图像为衰减型,同样经过 (0, 1),渐近线相同,但呈现出下降趋势。
In IGCSE, you often work with y = p × aˣ or y = aˣ aph never crosses the asymptote, and its growth or decay rate is determined by the base a.
在 IGCSE 考试中,你常会碰到 y = p × aˣ 或 y = aˣ + q 的形式,垂直平移会使渐近线变为 y = q。图像绝不会穿过渐近线,其增长或衰减速率由底数 a 决定。
7. Transformations: Translations | 图像变换:平移
ubtracts a from all x-coordinates: if a is positive, the graph moves a units to the left; if negative, to the right.
平移是在不改变形状的情况下整体移动图像。共有两种类型:垂直平移 y = f(x) + a 将所有 y 坐标加上 a,若 a > 0,图像上移;若 a < 0,图像下移。水平平移 y = f(x + a) 将所有 x 坐标减去 a:若 a 为正,图像向左移动 a 个单位;若 a 为负,则向右移动。
Important: The vector notation for a translation by column vector [a, b]ᵀ ans shift a units in the x-direction and b units in the y-direction. The new function is y – b = f(x – a) or equivalently y = f(x – a) + b.
要点:平移的列向量表示为 [a, b]ᵀ,表示沿 x 方向移动 a 个单位,沿 y 方向移动 b 个单位。新函数为 y – b = f(x – a),即 y = f(x – a) + b。
- y = f(x) + 3: shifts graph up by 3 units / 图像向上平移 3 个单位
- y = f(x – 2): shifts graph right by 2 units / 图像向右平移 2 个单位
- y = f(x + 4) – 1: shifts left by 4, down by 1 / 向左平移 4,向下平移 1
8. Transformations: Stretches | 图像变换:拉伸
affects the x-coordinates: points are moved towards or away from the y-axis. For a > 1, the graph compresses horizontally; for 0 < a < 1, it stretches.
拉伸通过缩放坐标来改变形状。垂直拉伸 y = a f(x) 将所有 y 坐标乘以因子 a。若 a > 1,图像沿垂直方向远离 x 轴伸展;若 0 < a < 1,则向 x 轴压缩。水平拉伸 y = f(ax) 影响 x 坐标:当 a > 1 时,图像水平压缩;当 0 < a < 1 时,图像水平拉伸。
tretches it by a factor of 2. This is a common source of confusion, so practise carefully.
注意:在水平拉伸中,因子为倒数关系。y = f(2x) 将图像沿 x 方向压缩为原来的 1/2,而 y = f(½ x) 则将其拉伸为原来的 2 倍。这一点经常引起混淆,需要仔细练习。
9. Transformations: Reflections | 图像变换:反射
Reflections flip the graph across an axis. The transformation y = – the graph in the x-axis, changing the sign of all y-coordinates. The transformation y = f(–x) reflects the graph in the y-axis, changing the sign of all x-coordinates.
反射将图像关于某条轴进行翻转。变换 y = –f(x) 将图像关于 x 轴反射,改变所有 y 坐标的符号。变换 y = f(–x) 将图像关于 y 轴反射,改变所有 x 坐标的符号。
ections are crucial for understanding symmetry. For example, an even function satisfies f(–x) = f(x) and is symmetric about the y-axis; an odd function satisfies f(–x) = –f(x) and has rotational symmetry of order 2 about the origin.
这些反射对于理解对称性至关重要。例如,偶函数满足 f(–x) = f(x),关于 y 轴对称;奇函数满足 f(–x) = –f(x),关于原点具有 180° 旋转对称性。
| Transformation / 变换 | Effect / 效果 |
|---|---|
| y = –f(x) | Reflection in x-axis / 关于 x 轴反射 |
| y = f(–x) | Reflection in y-axis / 关于 y 轴反射 |
10. Solving Equations Graphically | 利用图像解方程
the solutions are the x-values where the horizontal line y = k cuts the graph of y = f(x).
图像提供了一种解方程的可视化方法。要求解 f(x) = g(x),可在同一坐标系中画出两个函数的图像;交点横坐标即为方程的解。若方程为 f(x) = k,其解就是水平线 y = k 与 y = f(x) 图像交点的横坐标。
o use a given graph to solve a related equation, e.g., using a quadratic graph to solve x² – 2x – ch a sketched curve. You may also be asked to estimate solutions by reading from an accurately drawn graph.
IGCSE 常要求你利用给定的图像来求解相关方程,例如,利用二次函数图像求解 x² – 2x – 3 = 0,或将方程变形以匹配已绘制的曲线。你还可能被要求通过读取精确绘制的图像来估算解。
Published by TutorHao | Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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