📚 Time, Distance and Speed: From 2 Hours 35 Minutes to Real-World Problems | 时间、距离与速度:从2小时35分钟到实际问题
In IGCSE Edexcel Mathematics, mastering the relationship between time, distance and speed is essential. These concepts appear in a variety of contexts, from simple conversions to complex journey problems. A typical challenge is dealing with times like 2 hours 35 minutes – converting them correctly into hours or minutes forms the foundation of accurate calculation. This article unpacks the key skills, formulas and problem-solving strategies you need to handle speed questions confidently, whether you are finding a train's average speed or analysing a distance-time graph.
在IGCSE Edexcel数学中,掌握时间、距离和速度之间的关系至关重要。这些概念出现在从简单换算到复杂行程问题的各种情境中。一个典型的难点是处理像2小时35分钟这样的时间——正确地将其转换为小时或分钟是准确计算的基础。本文梳理了关键技能、公式和解题策略,帮助你自信地应对速度问题,无论是求火车的平均速度还是分析距离-时间图像。
1. Understanding Time Units | 理解时间单位
e is expressed as a mixed number, such as 2 hours 35 minutes, you must decide whether to work entirely in hours or minutes.
IGCSE题目中的时间通常以小时和分钟给出,有时甚至用到秒。速度计算的基本单位通常是小时,但你必须能够无缝切换单位。请记住:1小时 = 60分钟,1分钟 = 60秒。当时间表示为带分数,例如2小时35分钟时,你需要决定是完全用小时还是完全用分钟来运算。
2. Converting Hours and Minutes | 小时与分钟的换算
entire duration into minutes, multiply the hour part by 60 and add the extra minutes: 2 × 60 + 35 = 120 + 35 = 155 minutes. Both forms are useful depending on the question.
要将像2小时35分钟这样的时间转换为小时,将分钟表示为小时的小数。因为35分钟 = 35/60小时,所以总时间为 2 + 35/60 小时。化简分数:35/60 = 7/12,因此2小时35分钟 = 2又7/12小时,约等于2.5833小时。另一种做法,将整个时长转换为分钟:把小时部分乘以60再加上额外的分钟:2 × 60 + 35 = 120 + 35 = 155分钟。根据题目需要,这两种形式都很实用。
| Mixed time | Hours (decimal) | Total minutes | Fraction of hour |
| 2 h 35 min | 2.5833... | 155 min | 31/12 or 2 7/12 |
| 1 h 15 min | 1.25 | 75 min | 5/4 or 1 1/4 |
| 0 h 45 min | 0.75 | 45 min | 3/4 |
3. The Speed Formula | 速度公式
The fundamental relationship connecting distance, speed and time is expressed by the formula triangle. The three rearrangements are:
连接距离、速度和时间的基本关系可以用公式三角形表示。三个变形公式如下:
speed = distance ÷ time
distance = speed × time
time = distance ÷ speed
Speed is usually measured in kilometres per hour (km/h) or metres per second (m/s). Always ensure the units of distance and time are consistent before substituting values. If distance is in kilometres and time is in hours, speed will be in km/h. For m/s, distance must be in metres and time in seconds.
速度通常以千米每小时 (km/h) 或米每秒 (m/s) 为单位。在代入数值之前,务必确保距离和时间的单位一致。如果距离以千米为单位,时间以小时为单位,则速度单位为 km/h。若要得到 m/s,距离必须以米为单位,时间以秒为单位。
4. Calculating Distance | 计算距离
nce = 80 × 2.58333... ≈ 206.7 km. Using exact fractions reduces rounding errors: 80 × (2 + 35/60) = 80 × (2 + 7/12) = 80 × (31/12) = (80 × 31) / 12 = 2480/12 = 206 2/3 km. Exact answers are often preferred in IGCSE.
当已知速度和时间时,距离就是速度乘以时间。例如,一辆汽车以60 km/h的恒定速度行驶2.5小时,所行距离为 60 × 2.5 = 150 km。若时间给出为2小时35分钟,速度为80 km/h,先将2小时35分钟转换成2.5833...小时,则距离 = 80 × 2.58333... ≈ 206.7 km。使用精确分数能减少舍入误差:80 × (2 + 35/60) = 80 × (2 + 7/12) = 80 × (31/12) = (80 × 31) / 12 = 2480/12 = 206 2/3 km。IGCSE中常常更倾向于精确答案。
5. Calculating Time | 计算时间
by 60: 0.9375 × 60 = 56.25 minutes, so total time is 1 hour and 56.25 minutes, or about 1 hour 56 minutes 15 seconds. This skill of converting decimal hours back to minutes is tested frequently.
要计算旅程所用的时间,用距离除以速度。如果一名自行车手以18 km/h的恒定速度行驶45千米,时间 = 45 ÷ 18 = 2.5小时,即2小时30分钟。当距离为155 km、速度为80 km/h时,时间 = 155 ÷ 80 = 1.9375小时。要将0.9375小时转换为分钟,乘以60:0.9375 × 60 = 56.25分钟,所以总时间为1小时56.25分钟,即约1小时56分钟15秒。将十进制小时转换回小时的分钟数是一项经常考查的技能。
6. Calculating Speed | 计算速度
vels 155 km in 2 hours 35 minutes, the speed in km/h is 155 ÷ (2 + 35/60) = 155 ÷ (155/60)? . Indeed, 155 ÷ (155/60) = 155 × (60/155) = 60 km/h. Spotting such patterns can save time.
如果已知距离和时间,速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间。例如,一名运动员在50秒内跑完400米;速度 = 400 ÷ 50 = 8 m/s。要将其表示为 km/h,乘以3.6(因为1 m/s = 3.6 km/h):8 m/s = 28.8 km/h。当一辆公交车在2小时35分钟内行驶155 km时,速度(km/h)为 155 ÷ (2 + 35/60) = 155 ÷ (155/60)?注意:2小时35分钟 = 155分钟,155 km 用了 155 分钟。这里数字155出现了两次,十分巧合。以 km/min 为单位的速度是 1 km/min,即 60 km/h。实际上,155 ÷ (155/60) = 155 × (60/155) = 60 km/h。发现这样的规律可以节省时间。
7. Converting Speed Units | 速度单位的换算
, and 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h. If a journey involves both minutes and hours, be careful to convert all time to the same unit before applying the conversion factor.
IGCSE题目经常要求在 km/h 和 m/s 之间进行换算。要将 km/h 转换为 m/s,乘以 1000/3600,化简为 5/18。所以 54 km/h = 54 × 5/18 = 15 m/s。要将 m/s 转换为 km/h,乘以 3600/1000 = 18/5 = 3.6。例如,20 m/s = 20 × 3.6 = 72 km/h。一个便利的参考值:1 km/h ≈ 0.2778 m/s,1 m/s = 3.6 km/h。如果行程同时涉及分钟和小时,在应用换算因子之前,务必把所有时间统一为同一个单位。
8. Worked Example: Journey with 2 Hours 35 Minutes | 例题:2小时35分钟的行程
A train travels from station A to station B at a constant speed of 96 km/h. The journey takes 2 hours 35 minutes. Calculate the distance between the two stations. Give your answer in kilometres.
一列火车以96 km/h的恒定速度从车站A行驶到车站B。行程耗时2小时35分钟。计算两站之间的距离,答案以千米为单位。
Solution: 6 × 31/12. Simplify 96/12 = 8, so distance = 8 × 31 = 248 km. Thus the distance is 248 km.
解: 将2小时35分钟转换为小时:2 + 35/60 = 2 + 7/12 = 31/12 小时。距离 = 速度 × 时间 = 96 × 31/12。化简 96/12 = 8,因此距离 = 8 × 31 = 248 km。所以距离是248千米。
e = 1.6 × 155 = 248 km, same result. This demonstrates the importance of unit consistency.
如果我们改用分钟计算:2小时35分 = 155分钟。速度以 km/min 为单位 = 96/60 = 1.6 km/min。距离 = 1.6 × 155 = 248 km,结果一致。这说明了单位一致的重要性。
9. Distance-Time Graphs | 距离-时间图
adient of the line: speed = change in distance / change in time. For example, a section that rises 100 km in 2.5 hours has a gradient of 100/2.5 = 40 km/h. Graphs are especially useful when speed changes, as average speed can be determined by total distance / total time.
距离-时间图以纵轴表示距离,横轴表示时间。一条倾斜的直线代表恒定速度。线越陡,速度越大。水平线段表示物体静止。要从图像中求出速度,可计算直线的梯度:速度 = 距离的变化量 / 时间的变化量。例如,某线段在2.5小时内上升了100 km,其梯度为 100/2.5 = 40 km/h。当速度变化时,图像尤其有用,因为平均速度可以用总距离/总时间来计算。
10. Average Speed for Multi-Stage Journeys | 多段行程的平均速度
8/3 hours. Average speed = 120 ÷ (8/3) = 120 × 3/8 = 45 km/h. Notice it is not (30+90)/2 = 60 km/h. This distinction is critical for exam success.
平均速度定义为总行驶距离除以总耗时,而不是不同速度的算术平均值。假设一辆汽车先以30 km/h行驶60 km,再以90 km/h行驶60 km。第一部分时间=60/30=2小时;第二部分时间=60/90=2/3小时。总距离=120 km,总时间=2 + 2/3 = 8/3小时。平均速度=120 ÷ (8/3)=120 × 3/8 = 45 km/h。请注意,它并不是 (30+90)/2 = 60 km/h。这一区别对于考试成功至关重要。
11. Common Mistakes and Tips | 常见错误与提示
). Use exact fractions when possible to avoid rounding. When dealing with times such as 2 hours 35 minutes, convert to a single unit right at the beginning and stick to it.
许多错误源于单位混淆:将分钟与 km/h 混用而未进行转换。一定要写清单位并检查。另一个常见疏忽是忘记将十进制小时的余数正确地转换回分钟,例如2.3小时是2小时18分钟,而非2小时30分钟(0.3 × 60 = 18)。尽量使用精确分数以避免舍入误差。处理像2小时35分钟这样的时间时,最好从一开始就转换为单一单位并始终沿用。
12. Exam Practice Questions | 考试练习题
a steady speed of 24 km/h. She arrives at her destination at 10:50. How far did she travel? :15 to 10:50 is 2 hours 35 minutes, or 2 35/60 = 2 7/12 h. Distance = 24 × 31/12 = 62 km.)
问题:一名自行车手在08:15出发,以24 km/h的匀速骑行,于10:50到达目的地。她骑了多远?(答案:从08:15到10:50的时间为2小时35分钟,即2 35/60 = 2又7/12小时。距离 = 24 × 31/12 = 62 km。)
Try this yourself: A plane flies 840 km in 1 hour 45 minutes. Calculate its average speed in km/h. (You should get 480 km/h.) Such questions regularly feature in Edexcel IGCSE papers and reinforce the techniques covered above.
自行尝试:一架飞机在1小时45分钟内飞行了840 km。计算其平均速度(单位 km/h)。(你应该得到480 km/h。)这类问题在Edexcel IGCSE试卷中经常出现,巩固了上面所讲的技巧。
Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Edexcel Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)

或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图