📚 Edexcel IGCSE Mathematics – Functions | Edexcel IGCSE 数学 – 函数
Functions form the backbone of algebra in the Edexcel IGCSE Mathematics specification. They describe relationships between variables and appear in everything from simple number machines to complex graph transformations. Mastering function notation, domain and range, composite functions, and inverse functions is essential for success on both the Foundation and Higher tier papers. This revision guide breaks down every key concept you need, with clear examples and bilingual explanations to strengthen your understanding.
函数是 Edexcel IGCSE 数学课程中代数的核心内容。它们描述了变量之间的关系,从简单的数字机器到复杂的图像变换,无处不在。掌握函数符号、定义域与值域、复合函数以及反函数,对在基础卷和进阶卷中取得成功至关重要。本复习指南将为您拆解每一个关键概念,配以清晰的例子和中英双语讲解,帮助您加深理解。
1. What is a Function? | 什么是函数?
A function is a special rule that assigns exactly one output it, and produces a unique result f(x). For example, the function f(x) = 2x + 3 tells us to 'multiply by 2, then add 3' ow many times we put in 4, the output will always be 11; that is what makes it a function.
函数是一种特殊的对应法则,每个输入值恰好对应一个输出值。您可以把它想象成一台数字机器:输入一个值 x,机器进行处理,然后输出一个唯一的结果 f(x)。例如,函数 f(x) = 2x + 3 告诉我们要“乘以 2,再加 3”。如果输入 x = 4,输出就是 f(4) = 2 × 4 + 3 = 11。无论输入多少次 4,输出永远是 11;这正是函数的本质特征。
2. Function Notation | 函数符号
Edexcel IGCSE uses two main styles of function notation. The first is f(x), pronounced 'f of x'. For instance, f(x) = x² − 5. The second is the mapping arrow notation: f : x ↦ x² − 5, which reads 'the function f maps x onto x² − 5' Both mean exactly the same thing. In exam questions, you will often see instructions like 'Find f(3)' or 'Given f : x ↦ 2x + 1, evaluate f(−2)'. To answer, simply replace x with the given number and calculate.
Edexcel IGCSE 采用两种主要的函数符号。第一种是 f(x),读作“f of x”。例如,f(x) = x² − 5。第二种是映射箭头符号:f : x ↦ x² − 5,读作“函数 f 将 x 映射到 x² − 5”。两者含义完全相同。在考题中,您经常会看到诸如“求 f(3)”或“已知 f : x ↦ 2x + 1,计算 f(−2)”的指令。作答时,只需将 x 替换为给定数值进行计算即可。
3. Domain and Range | 定义域与值域
The domain is the complete set of all possible input values (x-values) for which the function is defined. The range s) the function can produce. For the function f(x) = x², the domain is all real numbers (x ∈ ℝ aring never gives a negative result. When a domain is restricted, such as x ≥ 2 for f(x) = √x − 2 ge becomes f(x) ≥ 0. Understanding this connection is crucial for inverse functions later.
定义域是使函数有意义的所有可能输入值(x 值)的集合。值域是函数能产生的所有可能输出值(f(x) 或 y 值)的集合。对于函数 f(x) = x²,定义域是所有实数(x ∈ ℝ),因为您可以对任何实数进行平方运算。然而,值域是 f(x) ≥ 0,因为平方永远不会得到负数。如果限制定义域,例如对于 f(x) = √x − 2 要求 x ≥ 2,那么值域就是 f(x) ≥ 0。理解这种联系对后面学习反函数至关重要。
4. Finding the Range from a Graph | 从图像求值域
nfinitely upwards. So the range is y ≥ −4. If the domain is restricted, say −1 ≤ x ≤ 2, you only consider that section of the graph. Read off the smallest and largest y-values over that interval to state the range clearly.
当给出函数图像时,确定值域就成了一件视觉上的任务。观察曲线所达到的最低和最高 y 值。对于像 y = x² − 4 这样的二次函数,顶点在 (0, −4) 处,抛物线开口向上。因此,y 的最小值是 −4,并且图像向上无限延伸。所以值域为 y ≥ −4。如果有定义域限制,比如 −1 ≤ x ≤ 2,那么只需考虑图像在这一段的情况。读出该区间内 y 的最小值和最大值,就能清晰地表示出值域。
5. Composite Functions | 复合函数
A composite function is created when one function is applied to the result of another function. In Edexcel IGCSE, gf(x) means g(f(x)) – )): first g, then f. Always work from the inside out, starting with the function closest to x. Pay careful attention to the order because gf(x) and fg(x) are generally not the same.
复合函数是将一个函数作用于另一个函数的结果而形成的。在 Edexcel IGCSE 中,gf(x) 表示 g(f(x))——先将 f 作用于 x,再将 g 作用于得到的结果。例如,若 f(x) = x + 2,g(x) = 3x,则 gf(x) = g(x + 2) = 3(x + 2) = 3x + 6。同样,fg(x) 表示 f(g(x)):先算 g,再算 f。始终从内向外运算,从最靠近 x 的函数开始。要特别注意顺序,因为 gf(x) 和 fg(x) 通常不一样。
6. Composite Functions: fg(x) vs gf(x) | 复合函数:fg(x) 与 gf(x)
can see, 2x + 6 ≠ 2x + 3, so the order matters. The table below summarises the notation used in Edexcel papers. Always read the expression carefully: 'fg' means do g first, then f.
区分 fg(x) 和 gf(x) 是考试中常见的失分点。设 f(x) = 2x,g(x) = x + 3。那么 fg(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x + 3) = 2(x + 3) = 2x + 6。与之相比,gf(x) = g(f(x)) = g(2x) = 2x + 3。可以看出,2x + 6 ≠ 2x + 3,所以顺序很重要。下表总结了 Edexcel 试卷中使用的符号。一定要仔细阅读表达式:“fg”意味着先做 g,后做 f。
| Notation | Meaning | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| fg(x) | f(g(x)) – apply g first, then f | 先算 g(x),再代入 f |
| gf(x) | g(f(x)) – apply f first, then g | 先算 f(x),再代入 g |
7. What is an Inverse Function? | 什么是反函数?
value comes from exactly one x-value. For example, f(x) = x² with domain all real numbers does not have an inverse because both x = 2 and x = −2 give the same output 4. To create an inverse, we restrict the domain, for instance to x ≥ 0.
反函数会逆转原函数的作用效果。如果函数 f 取输入值 a 并得到输出值 b,那么反函数 f⁻¹ 会将 b 重新变回 a。用数学语言来说,这意味着 f⁻¹(f(x)) = x 且 f(f⁻¹(x)) = x。并非所有函数都有反函数:它必须是一一对应的映射,即每个 y 值都恰好来自一个 x 值。例如,定义域为全体实数的 f(x) = x² 就没有反函数,因为 x = 2 和 x = −2 都会得到相同的输出 4。要构造反函数,我们必须限制定义域,比如只取 x ≥ 0。
8. Finding an Inverse Function Algebraically | 用代数方法求反函数
h y = (2x + 3)/5. Swap to get x = (2y + 3)/5. Multiply both sides by 5: 5x = 2y + 3. Then solve for y: 2y = 5x − 3, so y = (5x − 3)/2. Hence f⁻¹(x) = (5x − 3)/2. Remember to check that your inverse is valid by confirming that the domain of f⁻¹ matches the range of f.
要用代数方法求反函数,请遵循以下步骤:1) 将函数写为 y = f(x)。2) 交换 x 和 y(这体现了逆转映射的思想)。3) 重新整理方程,将 y 表示为 x 的表达式。4) 将新表达式写为 f⁻¹(x)。例如,若 f(x) = (2x + 3)/5,先从 y = (2x + 3)/5 开始。交换后得到 x = (2y + 3)/5。两边乘以 5:5x = 2y + 3。然后解出 y:2y = 5x − 3,即 y = (5x − 3)/2。因此 f⁻¹(x) = (5x − 3)/2。记得要验证反函数是否有效,确保 f⁻¹ 的定义域与 f 的值域一致。
9. Graphs of Functions and their Inverses | 函数及其反函数的图像
The graph of an inverse function is the reflection of the original function' ss through the swapped points (1, 0) and (3, 1). Sketching both on the same axes can help you visualise the relationship and check algebraic work.
反函数的图像是原函数图像关于直线 y = x 的对称图形。这种对称性意味着,如果点 (a, b) 在 y = f(x) 的图像上,那么点 (b, a) 就在 y = f⁻¹(x) 的图像上。例如,考虑 f(x) = 2x + 1。直线 y = 2x + 1 经过 (0, 1) 和 (1, 3)。它的反函数 f⁻¹(x) = (x − 1)/2 会经过交换后的点 (1, 0) 和 (3, 1)。在同一个坐标系中画出两个图像,有助于直观理解这种关系,并检验代数计算是否正确。
10. Domain and Range of Inverse Functions | 反函数的定义域与值域
n of f becomes the range of f⁻¹, and the range of f becomes the domain of f⁻¹. Take f(x) = √x ). This interchange is extremely useful when you are asked to state the domain and range of an inverse function directly from the original function, without drawing the graph.
反函数的一个关键性质是:f 的定义域会变成 f⁻¹ 的值域,而 f 的值域会变成 f⁻¹ 的定义域。以 f(x) = √x 为例,其定义域为 x ≥ 0,值域为 f(x) ≥ 0。它的反函数是 f⁻¹(x) = x²,但仅限于 x ≥ 0。这里,f⁻¹ 的定义域是 x ≥ 0(即原先 f 的值域),而 f⁻¹ 的值域是 f⁻¹(x) ≥ 0(即原先 f 的定义域)。当题目要求直接从原函数写出反函数的定义域和值域时,这种互换关系非常有用,甚至无需画出图像。
11. Common Mistakes to Avoid | 常见错误防范
means g acts first. Second, when finding inverses, a frequent slip is forgetting to swap x and y at the start. Third, writing f⁻¹(x) as 1/f(x) is a grave misconception – the notation f⁻¹ does not mean reciprocal. Fourth, failing to state the restricted domain for
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