📚 Quadratic Equations: Factorising, Completing the Square, and Quadratic Formula | 二次方程:因式分解、配方法与求根公式
A quadratic equation is one of the most important topics in IGCSE Mathematics. It appears in algebra, graphing, and real-life problem solving. Mastering quadratics means being comfortable with three main solution methods: factorising, completing the square, and using the quadratic formula. Each method has its own strengths, and the Edexcel IGCSE syllabus expects you to choose the most efficient one depending on the equation.
二次方程是 IGCSE 数学中最核心的主题之一,广泛出现在代数、图像和实际应用问题中。要掌握二次方程,就需要熟练运用三种主要解法:因式分解法、配方法和求根公式法。每种方法各有优势,Edexcel IGCSE 考纲要求你根据方程特点选择最高效的方法。
1. What Is a Quadratic Equation? | 什么是二次方程?
, not quadratic. Quadratic equations can have two real solutions, one repeated real solution, or no real solutions.
二次方程是指未知数(通常为 x)的最高次数为 2 的多项式方程。它的一般形式为 ax² + bx + c = 0,其中 a、b、c 为常数且 a ≠ 0。如果 a = 0,方程就变成了一次方程,不再是二次方程。二次方程可能有两个实数解、一个重复的实数解,或者没有实数解。
5x + 6 = 0, 2x² + 3x − 2 = 0, and x² − 9 = 0. Not all are given in standard form initially — you may need to rearrange terms.
典型的二次方程有 x² − 5x + 6 = 0、2x² + 3x − 2 = 0 和 x² − 9 = 0。需要注意的是,许多题目一开始并不是标准形式,你可能需要先整理各项。
2. Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation | 二次方程的标准形式
kes factorising easier. Always make sure the right-hand side is zero before attempting to solve.
标准形式为 ax² + bx + c = 0,其中 a、b、c 尽可能为整数。例如 3x − x² = 2 应先移项得到 −x² + 3x − 2 = 0,再乘以 −1 化为 x² − 3x + 2 = 0,这样更易于因式分解。解题前务必确保方程右边为零。
quadratic formula and completing the square. For x² − 7x + 10 = 0, a = 1, b = −7, c = 10.
快速识别系数 a、b、c 对代入求根公式和配方法至关重要。对于 x² − 7x + 10 = 0,a = 1,b = −7,c = 10。
ax² + bx + c = 0
3. Solving by Factorising (Product-Sum Method) | 因式分解法(乘积和法)
s (x − 2)(x − 5) = 0. Then set each bracket to zero: x − 2 = 0 → x = 2, x − 5 = 0 → x = 5.
因式分解法是将 ax² + bx + c 写成 (px + q)(rx + s) 的形式。当 a = 1 时,我们寻找两个数,它们的乘积等于 c,和等于 b。对于 x² − 7x + 10,这两个数是 −2 和 −5,因为 (−2) × (−5) = 10 且 (−2) + (−5) = −7。所以分解为 (x − 2)(x − 5) = 0,再令每个括号等于零:x − 2 = 0 → x = 2,x − 5 = 0 → x = 5。
+ x + 3. Group: 2x(x + 3) + 1(x + 3) = (2x + 1)(x + 3) = 0. Solutions: x = −½ and x = −3.
当 a ≠ 1 时,需要找到两个数,乘积为 a × c,和为 b,然后把中间项拆开,再分组分解。以 2x² + 7x + 3 为例,a × c = 2 × 3 = 6,满足条件的两个数是 6 和 1,因为 6 + 1 = 7。重写为 2x² + 6x + x + 3,分组提取公因式:2x(x + 3) + 1(x + 3) = (2x + 1)(x + 3) = 0,解得 x = −½ 和 x = −3。
Always check your factorisation by expanding the brackets.
分解后一定要展开括号验证是否还原为原方程。
4. Special Cases: Difference of Two Squares | 特殊情形:平方差
x² − 16 = (x + 4)(x − 4) = 0, giving x = 4 or x = −4. This is a huge time-saver in exams.
如果二次方程为 x² − a² 的形式,可以直接分解为 (x + a)(x − a)。例如 x² − 16 = (x + 4)(x − 4) = 0,解得 x = 4 或 x = −4。在考试中充分利用平方差公式可以大大节省时间。
e 9x² − 25. This is (3x)² − 5² = (3x + 5)(3x − 5). Solutions are x = −5/3 and x = 5/3. Don't forget to include the coefficient inside the brackets.
注意像 9x² − 25 这样的式子,它是 (3x)² − 5² = (3x + 5)(3x − 5),解为 x = −5/3 和 x = 5/3。不要忘记把系数也放入括号内。
5. Solving by Completing the Square | 配方法求解
e x² + 6x + 9 − 9 + 1 = 0, which becomes (x + 3)² − 8 = 0. Then (x + 3)² = 8, so x + 3 = ±√8, giving x = −3 ± 2√2.
配方法可将 ax² + bx + c 转化为 a(x + p)² + q 的形式,特别适用于无法直接因式分解的二次方程。以 x² + 6x + 1 为例:取 b 的一半(即 3)再平方得到 9。将方程写为 x² + 6x + 9 − 9 + 1 = 0,即 (x + 3)² − 8 = 0。于是 (x + 3)² = 8,x + 3 = ±√8,解得 x = −3 ± 2√2。
2(x + 2)² − 8 + 5 = 2(x + 2)² − 3 = 0. Then solve: 2(x + 2)² = 3, (x + 2)² = 3/2, x = −2 ± √3/2.
如果系数 a 不为 1,需先将其提取出来。对于 2x² + 8x + 5,写成 2(x² + 4x) + 5。4 的一半是 2,平方为 4,于是有 2[(x + 2)² − 4] + 5 = 2(x + 2)² − 8 + 5 = 2(x + 2)² − 3 = 0。接着求解:2(x + 2)² = 3,(x + 2)² = 3/2,x = −2 ± √3/2。
6. The Quadratic Formula | 求根公式
n ax² + bx + c = 0. It is derived from completing the square and gives the roots directly:
求根公式可以解任何形如 ax² + bx + c = 0 的二次方程,它由配方法推导而来,可直接给出根:
x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) / (2a)
r 3x² + 5x − 2 = 0, a = 3, b = 5, c = −2. Then x = (−5 ± √(25 − 4×3×(−2))) / (2×3) = (−5 ± √25 + 24) / 6 = (−5 ± √49) / 6 = (−5 ± 7) / 6. So x = 2/6 = 1/3, or x = −12/6 = −2.
只需识别出 a、b、c 并代入即可。对于 3x² + 5x − 2 = 0,a = 3,b = 5,c = −2。代入公式:x = (−5 ± √(25 − 4×3×(−2))) / (2×3) = (−5 ± √25 + 24) / 6 = (−5 ± √49) / 6 = (−5 ± 7) / 6,解得 x = 2/6 = 1/3,或 x = −12/6 = −2。
This method always works, even when factorising fails. However, it can be slower and requires careful arithmetic with negative signs.
这种方法始终有效,即使方程不能因式分解也能使用。但它的计算过程可能稍慢,且需要格外注意负号的运算。
7. Discriminant and Nature of Roots | 判别式与根的性质
discriminant Δ = b² − 4ac tells you the nature of the roots without solving the equation.
判别式 Δ = b² − 4ac 可以在不解方程的情况下判断根的性质。
- Δ > 0: two distinct real roots. | 两个不相等的实数根。
- Δ = 0: one repeated real root (or two equal roots). | 一个重复的实数根(即两个相等的实数根)。
- Δ < 0: no real roots (the roots are complex). | 没有实数根(根为复数)。
are no real solutions. This is a quick check in exam questions asking about the number of solutions or intersection points of graphs.
对于 x² + 2x + 5 = 0,Δ = 4 − 20 = −16,因此没有实数解。当题目询问解的个数或函数图像的交点数目时,判别式是一个快速判断工具。
8. Graphing Quadratic Functions | 二次函数图像
parabola. If a > 0, the parabola opens upwards (U-shaped); if a < 0, it opens downwards (∩ The y-intercept is c, and the x-intercepts are the roots of the equation ax² + bx + c = 0.
二次函数 y = ax² + bx + c 的图像是一条抛物线。当 a > 0 时,抛物线开口向上(U 形);当 a < 0 时,开口向下(∩ 形)。顶点(转折点)可以通过配方法或公式 x = −b/(2a) 求得。y 轴截距为 c,x 轴截距是方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 的根。
Sketching a quadratic requires plotting the vertex, the y-intercept, and the roots (if real). This skill is frequently tested in IGCSE paper 2 and paper 4.
画二次函数草图时需标出顶点、y 轴截距以及 x 轴截距(如果存在)。这项技能在 IGCSE 试卷二和试卷四中经常出现。
9. Real-World Applications | 实际应用
t + 1 = 0 using the quadratic formula. This gives the positive root as the time of flight.
二次方程可以建立抛体运动、面积问题和优化任务的数学模型。例如,一个向上抛出的球其高度满足 h = −5t² + 20t + 1。要求落地时间,可令 h = 0,解 −5t² + 20t + 1 = 0,使用求根公式得到正根即为飞行时间。
In business, profit P = −x² + 50x − 600 might represent a company' old x. Solving P = 0 finds the break-even points. The maximum profit occurs at the vertex.
在商业中,利润函数 P = −x² + 50x − 600 可表示公司利润与销售量 x 的关系。解 P = 0 可找出盈亏平衡点,而最大利润出现在顶点处。
10. Common Mistakes and Tips | 常见错误与提示
- Forgetting to set the equation to zero before factorising. Always rearrange first. | 忘记先将方程设为零就进行因式分解。务必先移项整理。
- Sign errors in the quadratic formula, especially with b² and −4ac. Use brackets when substituting negative numbers. | 求根公式中的符号错误,特别是在处理 b² 和 −4ac 时。代入负数时请用括号。
- Dividing by x instead of factorising, h , which loses the solution x = 0. Never divide by a variable unless you are sure it is non-zero. | 两边除以 x 而非因式分解,会丢失 x = 0 这个解。除非确定变量不为零,否则不要除以它。
- Not simplifying surds in the final answer. √8 should be written as 2√2. | 未将根式化为最简,答案中的 √8 应写成 2√2。
- Confusing discriminant conditions. Δ = 0 means one repeated root, not 'no solutions'. | 混淆判别式的条件,Δ = 0 表示一个重复根,而不是“无解”。
11. Exam-Style Questions | 考试题型
IGCSE Edexcel often includes questions like: 1) Solve x² − 8x + 12 = 0 by factorising. lve 2x² + 3x − 5 = 0 using the quadratic formula, giving answers to 3 significant figures. 3) Write x² − 10x + 7 in the form (x − p)² + q. 4) Find the value of k for which x² + kx + 16 = 0 has exactly one real root.
IGCSE Edexcel 常见考题包括: 1) 用因式分解法解 x² − 8x + 12 = 0。 2) 用求根公式解 2x² + 3x − 5 = 0,答案保留三位有效数字。 3) 将 x² − 10x + 7 写成 (x − p)² + q 的形式。 4) 求 k 的值,使 x² + kx + 16 = 0 恰好有一个实数根。
Practice a mix of straightforward and worded problems to build confidence.
混合练习直接求解与文字应用题,建立信心。
12. Summary | 总结
| Method | 方法 | When to Use | 适用场合 | Key Formula / Step | 关键公式/步骤 |
|---|---|---|
| Factorising | 因式分解 | When factors are obvious | 当因式容易看出时 | Find two numbers that multiply to a×c and add to b | 找出乘积为 a×c、和为 b 的两个数 |
| Completing the square | 配方法 | Finding vertex or solving when factorising is hard | 求顶点或不易因式分解时 | (x + b/2)² − (b/2)² + c = 0 |
| Quadratic formula | 求根公式 | Always works; best for messy coefficients | 始终有效;系数复杂时最佳 | x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) / (2a) |
Mastering these three methods and understanding the discriminant will set you up for success in IGCSE algebra and beyond. Always show your working clearly and double-check signs.
掌握这三种方法并理解判别式的作用,是攻克 IGCSE 代数乃至更高阶内容的基础。解题时务必清晰写出每一步,并反复检查符号。
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