← 返回资讯屏轩教育 · 行业资讯

IB Mathematics: Mastering Functions, Equations and Graphs | IB数学:精通函数、方程与图像

2026-08-03 04:49 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 IB Mathematics: Mastering Functions, Equations and Graphs | IB数学:精通函数、方程与图像

In the IB Mathematics Analysis and Approaches course, functions, equations and their graphs form the foundational language through which we model the world. Whether you are tackling linear models in a science experiment or exploring the growth of investments with exponential functions, a solid grasp of algebraic relationships is essential. This revision guide walks you through the core concepts, from domain and range to transformations, ensuring you build the fluency required for both Standard and Higher Level examinations.

在IB数学分析与方法的课程中,函数、方程及其图像构成了我们用来描述世界的基础语言。无论你是在科学实验中处理线性模型,还是用指数函数探索投资的增长,扎实掌握代数关系都至关重要。本复习指南将带你梳理从定义域、值域到图像变换等核心概念,确保你建立起标准级别和高级别考试所需的熟练度。

1. Understanding Functions and Mapping | 理解函数与映射

ut to each input from its domain. In IB Mathematics, we often write f(x) = 2x + 3, read as 'f of x equals two x plus three' the vertical line test: if any vertical line cuts the graph more than once, the relation is not a function. Remember that one-to-one and many-to-one mappings are functions, while one-to-many is not.

函数是一种规则,它为其定义域内的每个输入恰好分配一个输出。在IB数学中,我们通常写成 f(x) = 2x + 3,读作“f 关于 x 等于 2x 加 3”。所有允许的输入构成的集合是定义域,所有得到的输出构成的集合是值域。通过图像识别函数时,我们使用垂直线检验法:如果任何一条垂直线与图像相交多于一次,则该关系不是函数。记住,一对一和多对一映射是函数,而一对多映射不是。


2. Linear Functions and Straight-Line Graphs | 线性函数与直线图像

/(x₂ − x₁) between two points. A positive gradient means the line rises from left to right; a negative gradient means it falls. Two lines are parallel if their gradients are equal, and perpendicular if the product of their gradients is −1.

线性函数的一般形式是 f(x) = mx + c,其中 m 是斜率(梯度),c 是 y 轴截距。斜率通过两点公式 m = (y₂ − y₁)/(x₂ − x₁) 计算。斜率为正表示直线从左到右上升;斜率为负表示下降。如果两条直线的斜率相等,则它们平行;如果斜率的乘积为 −1,则它们垂直。


3. Quadratic Functions and Parabolas | 二次函数与抛物线

tercepts) are found by solving ax² + bx + c = 0, either by factoring or using the quadratic formula x = [−b ± √b² − 4ac distinct real roots if Δ > 0, one repeated real root if Δ = 0, and no real roots if Δ < 0.

二次函数的标准形式为 f(x) = ax² + bx + c,且 a ≠ 0。其图像是抛物线,若 a > 0 则开口向上,若 a < 0 则开口向下。可通过配方法化为 f(x) = a(x − h)² + k 的形式,得出顶点 (h, k)。对称轴为 x = h。通过解 ax² + bx + c = 0 可求得根(x 轴截距),方法包括因式分解或使用求根公式 x = [−b ± √b² − 4ac] / (2a)。判别式 Δ = b² − 4ac 决定根的性质:若 Δ > 0,有两个不等实根;若 Δ = 0,有一个重根;若 Δ < 0,无实根。

Discriminant (Δ)判别式 (Δ)Nature of roots根的性质
Δ > 0Δ > 0Two distinct real roots两个不等实根
Δ = 0Δ = 0One repeated real root一个重复实根
Δ < 0Δ < 0No real roots (two complex)无实根(两个复数根)

4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions | 指数函数与对数函数

Exponential functions take the form f(x) = a · bˣ arithmic function g(x) = log_b(x) is the inverse of the exponential function, satisfying blog_b(x) b(x). In IB, you must be comfortable changing the base using log_b(a) = log_c(a)/log_c(b).

指数函数的形式为 f(x) = a · bˣ,其中 b > 0 且 b ≠ 1。它们可用于描述连续增长(b > 1)或衰减(0 < b < 1)。自然底数 e ≈ 2.718 被频繁使用,尤其在微积分中。对数函数 g(x) = log_b(x) 是指数函数的反函数,满足 blog_b(x) = x。关键性质包括运算法则:log_b(xy) = log_b(x) + log_b(y) 以及 log_b(xⁿ) = n·log_b(x)。在IB考试中,你必须能够熟练地利用换底公式 log_b(a) = log_c(a)/log_c(b)。


5. Trigonometric Functions and Circular Functions | 三角函数与圆函数

and phase shift. Exact values for angles such as 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° must be memorized. For example, sin(30°) = 1/2, cos(45°) = 1/√2, and tan(60°) = √3. Solving trigonometric equations often requires finding all solutions within a given interval using the CAST diagram or the unit circle.

IB课程要求掌握正弦、余弦和正切函数,既包括在直角三角形中的定义,也包括在单位圆上的定义。函数 f(x) = sin(x)、cos(x) 和 tan(x) 具有特定的周期:sin 和 cos 的周期为 360°(2π 弧度),tan 的周期为 180°(π 弧度)。它们的图像显示振幅、频率和相位平移。必须熟记诸如 0°、30°、45°、60° 和 90° 等角度的精确值。例如,sin(30°) = 1/2,cos(45°) = 1/√2,tan(60°) = √3。解三角方程常需要利用CAST图或单位圆求出指定区间内的所有解。


广告 / Sponsored

6. Polynomial Functions and Their Graphs | 多项式函数及其图像

A polynomial function of degree n has the form f(x) = an xⁿ + ... + a₁x + a₀, with real coefficients. The degree dictates the general shape and the maximum number of turning points (n − 1) and roots (n). The leading coefficient an determines the end behaviour: if an > 0 and n is even, both ends rise; if an epeated factors lead to a graph touching or intersecting the x-axis depending on multiplicity.

n 次多项式函数的形式为 f(x) = an xⁿ + ... + a₁x + a₀,系数均为实数。次数决定了图像的大致形状,以及拐点的最大数目(n − 1)和根的最大数目(n)。最高次项系数 an 决定图像的末端趋势:若 an > 0 且 n 为偶数,两端向上;若 an < 0 且 n 为奇数,左端向上、右端向下。因式定理指出,若 f(p) = 0,则 (x − p) 是一个因式。重根会导致图像在 x 轴上触底或穿过,具体取决于重数。


7. Transformations of Functions | 函数图像的变换

b(x − c)) + d: a gives vertical stretch/compression and reflection in the x-axis if negative; b gives horizontal stretch/compression (period change) and reflection in the y-axis if negative; c is the horizontal shift; and d is the vertical shift. The order of operations matters: first apply horizontal transformations (inside brackets), then vertical ones (outside).

利用图像变换,你可以从母函数 y = f(x) 画出新的图像。主要的变换包括平移、伸缩和对称反射。对于函数 y = a·f(b(x − c)) + d:a 表示垂直方向的伸缩以及在 x 轴上的反射(若为负);b 表示水平方向的伸缩(周期变化)以及在 y 轴上的反射(若为负);c 是水平平移;d 是垂直平移。操作顺序很重要:先进行水平变换(括号内的),再进行垂直变换(括号外的)。

+ 4 shifts left 3, stretches vertically by factor 2, reflects in x-axis, then shifts up 4.

示例:从 y = x² 出发,y = −2(x + 3)² + 4 的图像向左平移 3,垂直拉伸为原来的 2 倍,以 x 轴为对称轴反射,再向上平移 4。


8. Solving Systems of Equations | 求解方程组

stems, such as a line intersecting a parabola, are solved by substitution, leading to a quadratic equation. The number of intersection points corresponds to the discriminant of the resulting quadratic.

IB题目通常需要同时解两个或更多方程。对于线性方程组,你可以使用代入法或消元法。例如,求解 2x + y = 7 和 x − y = 2,可将两个方程相加消去 y:3x = 9 → x = 3,然后得 y = 1。非线性方程组,如一条直线与抛物线相交,需通过代入法求解,导出一个二次方程。交点的数目由所得二次方程的判别式决定。


9. Inequalities and Set Notation | 不等式与集合表示法

(x) often involves moving all terms to one side and determining where the expression is positive or negative. For quadratic inequalities, sketch the graph to identify intervals. Solutions are expressed using interval notation or set builder notation, e.g., {x | lity sign when multiplying or dividing by a negative number. When dealing with rational functions, watch out for critical values that make the denominator zero.

求解 f(x) > g(x) 这样的不等式往往需要将所有项移到一边,并确定表达式在何处为正或为负。对于二次不等式,可画出草图来识别区间。解集用区间表示法或集合构造法表示,例如 {x | −2 < x ≤ 5}。记住当乘以或除以一个负数时,不等式方向要改变。处理分式函数时,要注意那些使分母为零的临界值。


10. Sequences and Series as Functions | 作为函数的数列与级数

Sequences can be seen as functions with discrete domains, specifically the natural numbers. In IB, arithmetic and geometric sequences are essential. An arithmetic sequence has a common difference d, with the nth term un = u₁ + (n−1)d. A geometric sequence has a common ratio r, with un = u₁ · rⁿ⁻¹. The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence is Sn = n/2 (u₁ + un). For a geometric series, Sn = u₁ (1 − rⁿ) / (1 − r) for r ≠ 1. Infinite geometric series converge to S = u₁/(1 − r) if |r| < 1.

数列可被看作定义域为自然数的离散函数。在IB中,等差数列和等比数列是至关重要的内容。等差数列有一个公差 d,第 n 项为 un = u₁ + (n−1)d。等比数列有一个公比 r,第 n 项为 un = u₁ · rⁿ⁻¹。等差数列前 n 项和为 Sn = n/2 (u₁ + un)。对于等比数列,当 r ≠ 1 时,Sn = u₁ (1 − rⁿ) / (1 − r)。若 |r| < 1,无穷等比级数收敛于 S = u₁/(1 − r)。


11. Composite and Inverse Functions | 复合函数与反函数

The composite function (f ∘ g)(x) means f(g(x)). The domain of f ∘ of x in the domain of g such that g(x) is in the domain of f. The inverse function f⁻¹(x) 'undoes' so their domains and ranges swap. Verify that f⁻¹(f(x)) = x for all x in the domain of f.

复合函数 (f ∘ g)(x) 表示 f(g(x))。f ∘ g 的定义域是 g 的定义域中那些使得 g(x) 属于 f 的定义域的 x 的集合。反函数 f⁻¹(x) 可以“撤销” f 的作用;只有当 f 是一对一映射时才存在。求反函数时,写出 y = f(x),交换 x 和 y,然后解出 y。f⁻¹ 的图像是 f 的图像关于直线 y = x 的反射,因此它们的定义域与值域互换。可以验证,对于所有在 f 定义域内的 x,都有 f⁻¹(f(x)) = x。


12. Exam Tips and Common Mistakes | 考试技巧与常见错误

Always state the domain when defining a function, especially for square root and rational functions. Sketch a graph when possible to visualise the problem. In exam questions, show all steps of algebraic manipulation; even if your final answer is wrong, you can earn method marks. Double-check that solutions lie within the required domain. Avoid misapplying log rules—remember log(a+b) is not log a + log b. When using the quadratic formula, watch the sign of the discriminant to predict the number of real roots.

定义函数时一定要说明定义域,对根号函数和分式函数尤其如此。尽量画出草图以直观地理解题目。在考试中,展示所有的代数演算步骤;即使最终答案错误,你也能得到过程分。反复检查解是否在要求的定义域内。避免错误使用对数法则——记住 log(a+b) 不等于 log a + log b。使用求根公式时,注意判别式的符号,以预测实根的个数。

Published by TutorHao | IB Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com

广告 / Sponsored
官网正版 国际课程数学核心词汇 唯寻国际教育 全英 学科 GCSE A Level IB MYP IB IBDP 美高…
数学 备考教辅 · 正版现货 · 与本文内容相关
查看详情 / View on Taobao参考价 ¥19.7

更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)

备考资讯每日更新,关注不错过
考纲变化 · 科目分析 · 学习方法
扫码关注公众号 tutorhao
在微信里长按二维码识别关注
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图
公众号:tutorhao