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Integration by Parts | 分部积分法

2026-08-03 02:19 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Integration by Parts | 分部积分法

Integration by parts is one of the most powerful techniques in calculus for integrating products of functions. It is derived from the product rule for differentiation and is an essential tool in the IB Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches HL syllabus, often appearing in questions involving polynomials, exponentials, trigonometric functions, and logarithms. Mastering this technique not only opens the door to solving a wide range of integrals but also deepens your understanding of how differentiation and integration are connected. This article will guide you through the formula, strategy, worked examples, definite integrals, the tabular method, and common pitfalls, all presented with clear bilingual explanations.

分部积分法是微积分中处理函数乘积积分的最有力工具之一。它源于微分的乘法法则,是 IB 数学:分析与方法 HL 课程的核心内容,经常出现在涉及多项式、指数函数、三角函数和对数函数的题目中。掌握这一技巧不仅能解决大量积分问题,还能加深你对微分与积分之间联系的理解。本文将通过公式、策略、典型例题、定积分、表格法以及常见错误的中英双语讲解,带你全面掌握分部积分法。


1. The Product Rule Reversed | 乘法法则的逆用

or two differentiable functions u(x) and v(x), the product rule states: d/dx[u(x)v(x)] = u'(x)v(x) + u(x)v'(x). Integrating both sides with respect to x gives u(x)v(x) = ∫ u'(x)v(x) dx + ∫ u(x)v'(x) dx. Rearranging this yields ∫ u(x)v'(x) dx = u(x)v(x) − ∫ u'(x)v(x) dx. By letting u = f(x) and dv = g' the reason why the method can turn a seemingly impossible integral into a manageable one.

分部积分法的基础是将微分的乘法法则重新排列。对于两个可微函数 u(x) 和 v(x),乘法法则表明:d/dx[u(x)v(x)] = u'(x)v(x) + u(x)v'(x)。两边对 x 积分得到 u(x)v(x) = ∫ u'(x)v(x) dx + ∫ u(x)v'(x) dx。移项后可得 ∫ u(x)v'(x) dx = u(x)v(x) − ∫ u'(x)v(x) dx。令 u = f(x)、dv = g'(x)dx,就得到了标准的分部积分公式。这种逆用乘法法则的思路,正是该方法能将看似无法积分的式子转化为可解积分的原因。


2. The Formula for Integration by Parts | 分部积分公式

v du is easier to evaluate than the original one. The constant of integration is added at the end. This compact form is easy to remember and apply once you understand how to assign u and dv.

分部积分法的标准公式写作 ∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du,其中 u 和 dv 是从被积函数中选取的两部分。u 是我们对其进行微分得到 du 的函数,而 dv 则是我们进行积分得到 v 的微分部分。这一方法成功的关键在于,选取的 u 和 dv 必须使得新的积分 ∫ v du 比原积分更容易计算。积分常数最后添加。一旦理解了如何分配 u 和 dv,这个简洁的公式就很容易记忆和应用。


3. Choosing u and dv: The LIATE Strategy | 选择u和dv:LIATE策略

appearing earlier in the list should usually be chosen as u, because its derivative simplifies the integrand. For instance, facing ∫ x sin x dx, the algebraic function x is chosen as u, while dv = sin x dx. In contrast, for ∫ eˣ cos x dx, either choice works, and the integral often requires a cyclic approach.

一个广泛使用的选择 u 的记忆口诀是 LIATE,即优先顺序为:对数函数、反三角函数、代数函数(多项式)、三角函数和指数函数。当被积函数包含两种类型的乘积时,列表中位置靠前的类型通常应选作 u,因为它的导数会简化被积函数。例如,面对 ∫ x sin x dx,代数函数 x 应选为 u,而 dv = sin x dx。相反,对于 ∫ eˣ cos x dx,两种选择均可,这类积分通常需要循环求解。


4. Basic Examples: Polynomial Times Exponential | 基础例题:多项式乘以指数函数

Consider ∫ x eˣ dx. Following LIATE, let u = x (algebraic) and dv = eˣ dx. Then du = dx and v = eˣ. Applying the formula gives ∫ x eˣ dx = x·eˣ − ∫ eˣ dx = x eˣ − eˣ s example illustrates the core idea: differentiation removes the polynomial term, leaving a simpler exponential integral.

考虑 ∫ x eˣ dx。按照 LIATE 法则,设 u = x(代数函数),dv = eˣ dx。则 du = dx,v = eˣ。代入公式得到 ∫ x eˣ dx = x·eˣ − ∫ eˣ dx = x eˣ − eˣ + C。这一下就降低了多项式部分的次数,使得新积分变得简单。你可以通过求导来验证结果。这个例子揭示了核心思想:微分去掉了多项式项,只留下更简单的指数积分。


5. Polynomial Times Trigonometric Function | 多项式乘以三角函数

, you would apply integration by parts twice, reducing the polynomial degree step by step.

计算 ∫ x cos x dx。设 u = x,dv = cos x dx,则 du = dx,v = sin x。于是 ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x − ∫ sin x dx = x sin x + cos x + C。同样,代数函数 u 微分后变为 1,留下一个简单的三角积分。对于更高次幂,比如 ∫ x² sin x dx,你需要连续使用两次分部积分,逐步降低多项式的次数。


6. Logarithmic and Inverse Trigonometric Functions | 对数和反三角函数的积分

v = dx, leading to x arctan x − (1/2)ln(1 + x²) + C. This trick is very useful whenever no obvious product exists.

当被积函数是单个的对数函数或反三角函数时,我们可以把它看作该函数与 1 的乘积。对于 ∫ ln x dx,设 u = ln x,dv = dx。则 du = (1/x) dx,v = x。于是 ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − ∫ x·(1/x) dx = x ln x − ∫ 1 dx = x ln x − x + C。类似地,对于 ∫ arctan x dx,选择 u = arctan x,dv = dx,可得到 x arctan x − (1/2)ln(1 + x²) + C。当没有明显乘积形式时,这个小技巧非常有用。


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7. Repeated Integration by Parts | 重复分部积分

Some integrals, like ∫ x² eˣ dx, require applying integration by parts more than once. First, let u = x², dv = eˣ dx, yielding x² eˣ − ∫ 2x eˣ dx. The remaining integral ∫ 2x eˣ has a polynomial multiplied by an exponential, so a second application with u = 2x, dv = eˣ dx is needed. The final result is (x² − 2x + 2) eˣ part until it becomes a constant. Be systematic with signs and constants to avoid errors.

有些积分,如 ∫ x² eˣ dx,需要多次使用分部积分法。第一次设 u = x²,dv = eˣ dx,得到 x² eˣ − ∫ 2x eˣ dx。剩下的积分 ∫ 2x eˣ dx 仍然是多项式乘以指数函数的形式,因此需要第二次应用公式,设 u = 2x,dv = eˣ dx。最终结果为 (x² − 2x + 2) eˣ + C。关键在于不断降低代数部分的次数,直到它变为常数。处理符号和系数时要格外仔细,以免出错。


8. Integration by Parts for Definite Integrals | 定积分的分部积分法

mits, the remaining integral is also computed as a definite integral. For example, ∫₀¹ x eˣ dx: let u = x, dv = eˣ dx, so v = eˣ. Then [x eˣ]₀¹ − ∫₀¹ eˣ dx = (1·e¹ − 0) − [eˣ especially when u or v becomes zero or involves limits that might simplify the expression.

定积分的分部积分公式为 ∫ₐᵇ u dv = [uv]ₐᵇ − ∫ₐᵇ v du。先计算 uv 在两个极限处的值,剩下的积分同样按定积分计算。例如,∫₀¹ x eˣ dx:设 u = x,dv = eˣ dx,则 v = eˣ。代入得 [x eˣ]₀¹ − ∫₀¹ eˣ dx = (1·e¹ − 0) − [eˣ]₀¹ = e − (e − 1) = 1。边界项必须谨慎处理,尤其是当 u 或 v 为零或包含能够简化表达式的极限值时。


9. The Tabular Method (DI Method) | 表格法(DI法)

atedly integrate dv. Then multiply entries diagonally with alternating signs (+, −, +, −, ...). For ∫ x² sin x dx, differentiate x²: 2x, 2, 0; integrate sin x: −cos x, −sin x, cos x. The result is −x² cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C. This method is particularly popular among IB students for its efficiency.

当需要多次分部积分时,表格法(或称 DI 法)可以大大节省时间。创建两列:一列用于 u(进行微分),另一列用于 dv(进行积分)。将 u 写在第一列,反复求导直到为零或简单形式;在第二列反复对 dv 积分。然后按对角线乘起来,并交替加上正负号 (+, −, +, −, ...)。计算 ∫ x² sin x dx 时,对 x² 求导:2x, 2, 0;对 sin x 积分:−cos x, −sin x, cos x。结果为 −x² cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C。因其高效,表格法在 IB 学生中非常流行。


10. Cyclic Integration by Parts (e.g., eˣ sin x) | 循环分部积分(如 eˣ sin x)

Integrals like ∫ eˣ sin x dx or ∫ eˣ cos x dx lead to a cycle. Suppose we choose u = sin x, dv = eˣ dx. Then du = cos x dx, v = eˣ. This gives ∫ eˣ sin x dx = eˣ sin x − ∫ eˣ cos x dx. Applying integration by parts again to the new integral (with u = cos x, dv = eˣ dx) yields eˣ sin x − [eˣ cos x + ∫ eˣ sin x dx]. Notice the original integral appears again. Rearrange to solve: ∫ eˣ sin x dx = (eˣ ∫ sin(ln x) dx. Remember to add the constant only after solving for the original integral.

像 ∫ eˣ sin x dx 或 ∫ eˣ cos x dx 这样的积分会产生循环。假设选择 u = sin x,dv = eˣ dx,则 du = cos x dx,v = eˣ。得到 ∫ eˣ sin x dx = eˣ sin x − ∫ eˣ cos x dx。对新的积分再次使用分部积分(设 u = cos x,dv = eˣ dx),得到 eˣ sin x − [eˣ cos x + ∫ eˣ sin x dx]。可以注意到原积分再次出现。移项求解:∫ eˣ sin x dx = (eˣ/2)(sin x − cos x) + C。循环法也适用于形如 ∫ sin(ln x) dx 的积分。切记在解出原积分后再添加积分常数。


11. Common Mistakes and Tips | 常见错误与提示

your choice mentally: will differentiating u simplify it, and can dv be integrated easily? he signs when substituting limits. In cyclic cases, a sign error can make the equation unsolvable. Also, when using the tabular method, ensure the alternating signs are applied correctly. Finally, do not forget that some integrals may require a combination of substitution and integration by parts. Stay systematic and always double-check your differential and integral work.

一个常见错误是错误地分配 u 和 dv,导致新积分 ∫ v du 变得更加复杂。在做选择前,先在心中检验:微分 u 会简化它吗?dv 能轻松积分吗?另一个错误是忘记添加积分常数 C,或者在计算定积分时代入界限时符号处理错误。在循环型积分中,一个符号错误就可能让方程无法求解。此外,使用表格法时,要确保交替的正负号使用正确。最后,不要忘记某些积分可能需要换元法和分部积分法结合使用。保持条理,随时核对微分和积分的结果。


12. Practice Problems and Summary | 练习题与总结

To master integration by parts, practice with a variety of functions: try ∫ x³ eˣ dx, ∫ arctan x dx, ∫ x sec² x dx, ∫ (ln x)² dx, and ∫ e²ˣ ely, and handle cycles by solving the equation. Integration by parts is not just a formula— be able to recognise which technique to apply and execute it confidently in your IB exams.

为了掌握分部积分法,请练习多种类型的函数:尝试 ∫ x³ eˣ dx、∫ arctan x dx、∫ x sec² x dx、∫ (ln x)² dx 以及 ∫ e²ˣ sin 3x dx。记住核心策略:利用 LIATE 明智地选择 u,运用 ∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du,逐步递推简化问题,遇到循环时通过解方程求出积分。分部积分不仅是一个公式,更是一个连接微分与积分的解题框架。经过持续的练习,你将能够在 IB 考试中准确识别适用的技巧,并自信地完成解答。

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