📚 Exercise 25C: Trigonometric Graphs and Transformations | 练习25C:三角函数图像与变换
In this article we dive into Exercise 25C from the IB Mathematics curriculum, exploring how sine and cosine functions behave under various transformations. You will learn to analyse amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical translation, and see how these concepts are directly tested in IB-style problems.
在这篇文章中,我们将深入 IB 数学课程中的练习 25C,探讨正弦和余弦函数在各种变换下的表现。你将学会分析振幅、周期、相位位移和垂直平移,并了解这些概念如何在 IB 风格的题目中被直接考查。
1. Radian Measure and the Unit Circle | 弧度制与单位圆
Before tackling transformations, we must be comfortable with radian measure. The unit circle defines the sine and cosine of any angle θ as the y- and x-coordinates of a point moving around the circle. An angle of π radians corresponds to 180°, so one full revolution is 2π.
在处理图像变换之前,我们必须先熟悉弧度制。单位圆将任意角 θ 的正弦和余弦定义为圆周上一点的 y 坐标和 x 坐标。π 弧度对应 180°,因此一整圈为 2π。
0 at π, drops to −1 at 3π/2 and completes the cycle at 2π. Recognising this fundamental shape makes the transformations in Exercise 25C much easier to handle.
正弦函数 f(θ) = sin θ 从 sin 0 = 0 开始,在 π/2 处达到 1,在 π 处回到 0,在 3π/2 处降至 −1,并在 2π 处完成一个周期。认清这个基本形状能让你在处理练习 25C 的变换时轻松很多。
- 1 radian ≈ 57.3°; π rad = 180°.
- 1 弧度 ≈ 57.3°;π 弧度 = 180°。
- Key coordinates: (0,0), (π/2,1), (π,0), (3π/2,−1), (2π,0).
- 关键坐标:(0,0),(π/2,1),(π,0),(3π/2,−1),(2π,0)。
2. The Parent Sine Graph y = sin x | 正弦母函数 y = sin x
th amplitude 1, period 2π, no horizontal or vertical shift, and it is symmetric about the origin (odd function). It starts at the origin, rises to a maximum, falls back to the axis, goes to a minimum and returns to the axis.
y = sin x 的图像是一条平滑的波浪线,振幅为 1,周期为 2π,没有水平和垂直位移,且关于原点对称(奇函数)。它从原点出发,上升到最大值,落回轴线,降到最小值,再回到轴线。
The key features that IB exam questions regularly target are the maximum value 1, minimum −1, and the location of x-intercepts at integer multiples of π. In Exercise 25C you often start by sketching this parent graph before stretching or shifting it.
IB 考试题目经常关注的关键特征包括最大值 1、最小值 −1,以及 x 轴截距位于 π 的整数倍处。在练习 25C 中,你通常先画出这个母图,然后再对其进行拉伸或平移。
y = sin x, x ∈ [0, 2π]
| x | 0 | π/2 | π | 3π/2 | 2π |
| sin x | 0 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 0 |
3. The Parent Cosine Graph y = cos x | 余弦母函数 y = cos x
plitude 1 and period 2π, but it starts at its maximum (0,1) and is symmetric about the y-axis (even function). Its x-intercepts occur at π/2, 3π/2, etc.
y = cos x 的图像同样是振幅为 1、周期为 2π 的波浪,但它从最大值 (0,1) 开始,且关于 y 轴对称(偶函数)。其 x 轴截距出现在 π/2、3π/2 等处。
nship is a classic IB short-answer topic and appears frequently in Exercise 25C, where you may be asked to express one in the form of the other.
通过比较 y = sin x 和 y = cos x,我们发现余弦实际上是正弦的水平平移:cos x = sin(x + π/2)。这种关系是经典的 IB 简答主题,频繁出现在练习 25C 中,你可能会被要求将一种函数用另一种形式表达。
y = cos x = sin(x + π/2)
4. Amplitude and Vertical Stretch | 振幅与纵向拉伸
When we introduce a coefficient A in y = A sin x, the amplitude becomes |A|. The graph is stretched vertically by a factor of |A|. If A is negative, the graph is additionally reflected across the x-axis.
当我们在 y = A sin x 中引入系数 A 时,振幅变为 |A|。图像纵向拉伸了 |A| 倍。若 A 为负,图像还会关于 x 轴反射。
Thus A controls the height of the wave. The maximum value becomes |A|, the minimum becomes −|A| directly from the equation: for y = −3 sin x, amplitude is 3, and the wave is upside down.
因此 A 控制着波的高度。最大值变为 |A|,最小值变为 −|A|。在练习 25C 中,经常要求你直接从方程中说出振幅:对于 y = −3 sin x,振幅是 3,而且波形上下颠倒。
Vertical stretch factor = |A|
5. Period and Horizontal Stretch | 周期与横向拉伸
The coefficient B in y = sin(Bx) affects the period. The period is given by (2π)/|B| en B > 1, the graph compresses horizontally; the wave completes a full cycle more quickly.
y = sin(Bx) 中的系数 B 影响周期。周期由 (2π)/|B| 给出。当 B > 1 时,图像横向压缩,波更快地完成一个完整周期。
as y = sin(3x) (period 2π/3) and sketching the correct number of cycles in a given domain.
这是一个关键概念:很多学生容易混淆 B 的作用,误以为更大的 B 会带来更长的周期。在练习 25C 中,你将练习求 y = sin(3x)(周期 2π/3)等函数的周期,并在给定区间内画出正确的周期数。
Period = 2π / |B|
6. Phase Shift (Horizontal Translation) | 相位位移(水平平移)
shift. For y = sin(x + c), the graph shifts left by c units if c is positive, and right by |c| units if c is negative. This is often called phase shift.
在三角函数内部,项 (x + c) 表示水平平移。对于 y = sin(x + c),如果 c 为正,图像向左平移 c 个单位;如果 c 为负,向右平移 |c| 个单位。这通常称为相位位移。
ust factor the argument: y = sin(2x + π) = sin[2(x + π/2)], revealing a left shift of π/2.
当与系数 B 结合时,例如 y = sin(Bx + c),实际的相位位移是 −c/B。这是一个常见的错误来源。在练习 25C 中,你必须对括号内的表达式进行因式分解:y = sin(2x + π) = sin[2(x + π/2)],显示出向左平移 π/2。
Phase shift for y = sin(Bx + c) is −c/B
7. Vertical Translation | 垂直平移
new mean line (equilibrium position) becomes y = D, and the maximum and minimum become D + |A| and D − |A| respectively.
在三角函数中加上常数 D,如 y = sin x + D,会将整个图像垂直平移。新的中线(平衡位置)变为 y = D,最大值和最小值分别变为 D + |A| 和 D − |A|。
cos x − 1, the amplitude is 2, the vertical shift is −1, so the range is [−3, 1]. IB examiners expect you to state the range without necessarily sketching the full graph.
练习 25C 经常包含需要确定变换后三角函数值域的题目。对于 y = 2 cos x − 1,振幅为 2,垂直平移为 −1,因此值域为 [−3, 1]。IB 考官期望你在不完整画图的情况下直接写出值域。
Range = [D − |A|, D + |A|]
8. Summary of the Transformation Form y = A sin(Bx + c) + D | 变换形式 y = A sin(Bx + c) + D 总结
tandard structure. Starting from y = sin x, we can summarise the effect of each parameter:
所有四种变换可以整合到一个标准结构中。从 y = sin x 开始,我们可以总结每个参数的作用:
- A: amplitude = |A|; reflection if A < 0.
- A:振幅 = |A|;若 A < 0 则发生反射。
- B: period = 2π/|B|.
- B:周期 = 2π/|B|。
- C (in Bx + c): phase shift = −c/B.
- C(位于 Bx + c 中):相位位移 = −c/B。
- D: vertical shift, new centre line is y = D.
- D:垂直平移,新的中心线为 y = D。
entre line. Write y = −2 sin[½(x − π/2)] + 3 to see the phase shift clearly: right by π/2.
练习 25C 中的一道典型题目可能会给出方程 y = −2 sin(½ x − π/4) + 3,要求你列出振幅、周期、相位位移和中心线。将式子写成 y = −2 sin[½(x − π/2)] + 3,就能清楚地看到相位位移是向右 π/2。
Always factor B out of the bracket to find the true phase shift!
始终要从括号中提取出 B 来确定真正的相位位移!
9. Sketching Transformed Trig Graphs | 绘制变换后的三角图像
imum D − A. Divide the period into four equal sections to place the characteristic points of the wave.
在绘图时,IB 阅卷人注重坐标轴是否清晰标记、是否包含至少一个完整周期、关键点和光滑曲线。先画出中线 y = D,再标出最大值 D + A 和最小值 D − A。将周期四等分,以便放置波形的特征点。
, π/4, π/2, 3π/4, π and the corresponding y-values −1, 2, −1, −4, −1. Connect with a smooth sine wave. In Exercise 25C, practising this method will improve both speed and accuracy.
对于 y = 3 sin(2x) − 1,中心线为 y = −1,振幅 3,周期 π。标出 x = 0、π/4、π/2、3π/4、π 及其对应的 y 值 −1、2、−1、−4、−1。用光滑的正弦波连接。在练习 25C 中,按此方法练习能够提高速度和准确性。
10. Solving Trigonometric Equations Graphically | 图像法解三角方程
Exercise 25C often includes questions such as 'Solve 2 cos x = x + 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π' or 'Find the number of solutions to sin 2x = x/3' quickest way: sketch the two functions on the same axes and read off intersection points.
练习 25C 经常包含像“在 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π 内解 2 cos x = x + 1”或“求 sin 2x = x/3 解的个数”之类的题目。图形方法是最快捷的途径:在同一坐标系中画出两个函数,然后读取交点。
You must be able to identify the periodicity and amplitude of the trigonometric side and the linear or quadratic growth of the other side. IB exam questions sometimes ask only for the number of solutions rather than exact values, so careful sketches with labelled scales are essential.
你必须能识别三角函数一侧的周期性和振幅,以及另一侧线性或二次函数的增长趋势。IB 考试题目有时只要求给出解的个数而非精确值,因此画图时仔细标注刻度至关重要。
Number of intersections = Number of solutions
交点个数 = 解的个数
11. Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them | 常见错误及避免方法
= cos[3(x + π/3)]. Many students incorrectly state the shift as π and lose valuable marks.
最大的陷阱之一是在求相位位移时忘记提取公因数。对于 y = cos(3x + π),位移并非 π,而是向左 π/3,因为 cos(3x + π) = cos[3(x + π/3)]。很多学生错误地认为位移是 π,从而丢失宝贵的分数。
/(½) = 4π. Exercise 25C deliberately includes such cases to reinforce the correct formula.
另一个常见错误是当 B 是分数时误读周期。y = sin(x/2) 的周期是 4π,而不是 π/2。因为 B = ½,周期 = 2π/(½) = 4π。练习 25C 有意包含这种情况,以强化正确的公式。
Lastly, always check whether the question uses degrees or radians. IB Mathematics predominantly uses radians, and forgetting this can cause your graph to be drawn in the wrong domain.
最后,务必检查题目使用的是角度制还是弧度制。IB 数学主要使用弧度制,忘记这一点可能导致你画出的图像定义域错误。
12. Practice from Exercise 25C and Beyond | 练习 25C 及其延伸
To master these skills, work through all parts of Exercise 25C systematically. Start with simple amplitude and period changes, then progress to full transformations. Sketch multiple cycles and always write down the transformation parameters before drawing.
要掌握这些技能,请系统地做完练习 25C 的所有部分。从简单的振幅和周期变化开始,然后过渡到全变换。画出多个周期,并在画图之前先写出变换参数。
Extended questions will ask you to fit a trigonometric model to a real-world context, such as tides, ferris wheel height or temperature data. The underlying transformation principles remain the same, so confidence with Exercise 25C directly prepares you for those longer IB problems.
拓展题会要求你将三角函数模型应用于真实情境,如潮汐、摩天轮高度或温度数据。底层的变换原理保持不变,因此对练习 25C 的信心将直接为你应对那些较长的 IB 题目做好准备。
D. Check the amplitude, centre line, period and the location of a starting point to fix c.
如果给出的是一个图像,你也应该能够反推并确定其形式为 y = A sin(Bx + c) + D 的方程。检查振幅、中线、周期以及一个起点的位置,就能确定参数 c。
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