📚 Projectile Motion Formulae | 抛体运动公式
In A-Level Mechanics, projectile motion describes the curved path of an object launched into the air, moving solely under the influence of gravity. We assume negligible air resistance and treat the horizontal and vertical components of motion as independent. This article gathers all the essential formulae required for Edexcel mechanics problems so you can revise efficiently and tackle any exam question with confidence.
在A-Level力学中,抛体运动描述物体被抛射到空中后仅在重力作用下的曲线运动。我们假设空气阻力可忽略,并将水平和竖直两个方向的运动视为相互独立。本文汇总了Edexcel力学中所有必要的公式,帮助你高效复习,自信应对任何考试题目。
1. Resolving the Initial Velocity | 分解初速度
When a particle is projected from the origin with initial speed u at an angle θ to the horizontal, the velocity must be resolved into horizontal and vertical components. The standard convention in Edexcel mechanics is to take the upward direction as positive for vertical motion.
当质点从原点以初速率 u、与水平面成 θ 角抛射时,必须将速度分解为水平分量和竖直分量。Edexcel力学中的标准规定是取向上为正方向处理竖直运动。
ux = u cos θ , uy = u sin θ
水平分量 ux = u cos θ,竖直分量 uy = u sin θ。这两个分量在整个飞行过程中各自独立变化。
2. Horizontal Motion: Constant Velocity | 水平运动:匀速直线运动
Because there is no horizontal force (we ignore air resistance), the horizontal acceleration is zero. Therefore, the horizontal velocity stays constant throughout the projectile's flight.
由于水平方向不受力(忽略空气阻力),水平加速度为零。因此,在整个飞行过程中,水平速度始终保持不变。
vx = u cos θ
水平速度 vx = u cos θ。水平位移简单地等于水平速度乘以时间。
x = (u cos θ) t
水平位移公式为 x = (u cos θ) t。这源自匀速运动的距离公式。
3. Vertical Motion: Constant Acceleration | 垂直运动:匀加速直线运动
Vertically, the only force is gravity, which produces a constant downward acceleration g (taken as 9.8 m s−2 unless stated otherwise). With upwards taken as positive, the acceleration is −g. All standard SUVAT equations apply for the vertical component.
竖直方向只受重力作用,产生恒定的向下加速度 g(除非题目另有说明,一般取 9.8 m s−2)。规定向上为正时,加速度为 −g。所有标准的SUVAT方程都适用于竖直分量。
vy = u sin θ − g t
竖直速度 vy = u sin θ − g t。位移和速度平方的公式如下:
y = (u sin θ) t − ½ g t2
vy2 = (u sin θ)2 − 2 g y
竖直位移 y = u sinθ t − ½ g t2,速度–位移关系为 vy2 = u2 sin2θ − 2 g y。这些公式是解决竖直运动问题的基础。
4. Displacement Components | 位移分量
The position of the projectile at any time t is defined by its coordinates (x, y) relative to the point of projection. The vector displacement can be written as r = x i + y j, where i and j are unit vectors horizontally and vertically upwards.
抛体在任意时刻 t 的位置由相对于抛出点的坐标 (x, y) 确定。位移矢量可写为 r = x i + y j,其中 i 和 j 分别是水平方向和竖直向上的单位矢量。
x = u t cos θ , y = u t sin θ − ½ g t2
结合两个分量,可以得到参数方程。消去时间 t 即可得到轨迹方程。
5. Velocity at Any Instant | 任意时刻的速度
The velocity vector at time t is v = vx i + vy j. The magnitude of the velocity (the speed) and its direction relative to the horizontal are often required.
在时刻 t 的速度矢量为 v = vx i + vy j。通常需要求出速度的大小(速率)以及相对于水平面的方向角。
|v| = √(vx2 + vy2)
tan φ = vy / vx
合速度大小为 |v| = √(vx2 + vy2),速度与水平方向的夹角 φ 满足 tan φ = vy / vx。注意在飞行过程中 φ 的符号可以表明物体是在上升还是下降。
6. Time of Flight | 飞行时间
ly ground level). Set y = 0 in the vertical displacement equation and solve for t (t > 0).
飞行时间指从抛出到落回与抛出点同一水平面(通常为地面)所经历的总时间。令竖直位移方程中的 y = 0,并解出 t(取 t > 0)。
T = 2 u sin θ / g
飞行时间公式为 T = 2 u sin θ / g。它表示竖直分运动从向上到向下返回原点所需的时间,相当于竖直方向上升和下降时间的两倍。
7. Maximum Height | 最大高度
Maximum height is reached when the vertical velocity becomes zero (vy isplacement relation for the vertical motion gives the peak height above the launch level.
当竖直速度为零(vy = 0)时,物体达到最大高度。利用竖直方向的速度–位移关系即可求得最高点距抛出平面的高度。
H = (u2 sin2 θ) / (2 g)
最大高度 H = u2 sin2θ / (2g)。上升时间 tup = u sin θ / g,恰好是总飞行时间的一半。
8. Horizontal Range | 水平射程
The range is the total horizontal distance travelled when the projectile lands back at the original vertical level. It is found by substituting the time of flight into the horizontal displacement equation.
射程是物体落回原高度时水平方向的总位移。将飞行时间代入水平位移方程即可求得。
R = (u2 sin 2θ) / g
水平射程公式为 R = u2 sin 2θ / g。当 θ = 45° 时 sin 2θ = 1,射程达到最大值 u2/g。对于给定初速,45° 可获得最大射程,且互补的抛射角(如 30° 和 60°)射程相等。
9. Equation of the Path (Trajectory) | 轨迹方程
the parametric equations x = u t cos θ and y = u t sin θ − ½ g t2 yields the Cartesian equation of the trajectory, which is a downward-opening parabola.
由参数方程 x = u t cos θ 和 y = u t sin θ − ½ g t2 消去 t,得到轨迹的直角坐标方程。该方程表示一条开口向下的抛物线。
y = x tan θ − (g x2) / (2 u2 cos2 θ)
轨迹方程为 y = x tan θ − (g x2) / (2 u2 cos2 θ)。也可以等价写成 y = x tan θ − (g x2)/(2u2) sec2 θ。该形式直接体现了初速、角度和重力对抛物线形状的影响。
10. Projectiles Launched from a Height | 从高处抛射
Many exam problems involve a projectile launched horizontally from the top of a cliff or a building, or thrown at an angle from a point above the landing level. In such cases the initial vertical displacement is not zero at landing; you must adapt the vertical displacement equation accordingly.
许多考试题目涉及从悬崖顶部或建筑物上水平抛出物体,或者从高于落地平面的位置斜抛物体。这类情况下,落地时竖直位移不为零;需要相应调整竖直位移方程。
For horizontal projection from a height h with initial speed u, we have uy tion, but if upward remains positive, the ground is at y = −h. The equations become:
从高度 h 处以初速 u 水平抛出时,uy = 0。为简化计算,常取向下为正;若仍保留向上为正,则地面处 y = −h。相应的公式如下:
y = − ½ g t2 (或 y = ½ g t2 若向下为正)
Time to fall: t = √(2h/g)
Horizontal range: R = u × √(2h/g)
落地时间 t = √(2h/g),水平射程 R = u × √(2h/g)。若从高处斜抛,需将总竖直位移设为 −h 代入 y = (u sin θ) t − ½ g t2,解二次方程求飞行时间。
11. Common Pitfalls and Exam Tips | 常见错误与考试技巧
Always check the sign convention for vertical motion. If you choose upwards as positive, then g is positive in magnitude but acceleration is −g. Mixing signs is a frequent source of error.
务必检查竖直方向的正负号规定。如果选择向上为正,那么 g 的大小为正,而加速度是 −g。符号混淆是最常见的失分原因。
Remember that horizontal velocity is constant and is never affected by gravity. Do not mistakenly apply g to the horizontal component.
牢记水平速度是恒定的,不受重力影响。切勿错误地将 g 套用到水平分量上。
When finding the speed or direction on landing, you must combine the horizontal and final vertical velocities vectorially—never just use the initial speed.
求落地时的速度大小或方向时,必须用矢量法合成水平速度和最终竖直速度,绝不能直接使用初速度的大小。
If a question asks for the time when the projectile is at a particular height, the vertical equation might yield two solutions: one on the way up and one on the way back down.
若题目要求物体到达某一特定高度的时间,竖直方程可能会给出两个解:一个对应上升阶段,一个对应下降阶段。两个解都有物理意义,需根据题意取舍。
12. Summary of Key Formulae | 关键公式总结
The table below lists the most important projectile motion formulae you must memorise for Edexcel Mechanics.
下表列出了 Edexcel 力学中必须熟记的最重要的抛体运动公式。
| Quantity | Formula |
|---|---|
| Horizontal velocity | vx = u cos θ |
| Vertical velocity | vy = u sin θ − g t |
| Horizontal displacement | x = u t cos θ |
| Vertical displacement | y = u t sin θ − ½ g t2 |
| Velocity magnitude | |v| = √(vx2 + vy2) |
| Time of flight | T = 2 u sin θ / g |
| Maximum height | H = u2 sin2 θ / (2 g) |
| Horizontal range | R = u2 sin 2θ / g |
|
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