📚 Functions and Mappings | 函数与映射
A function is one of the most central ideas in A-Level Mathematics. It describes a special relationship between two sets: every element of the first set (the input) is assigned to exactly one element of the second set (the output). Mappings generalise this idea and help us classify relations as one-to-one, many-to-one, or one-to-many, the last of which fails to be a function. In this article, we will explore the precise definitions, notation, domain and range, composite and inverse functions, and how to use the vertical line test to identify functions from their graphs.
函数是 A-Level 数学中最核心的概念之一。它描述了两个集合之间的特殊关系:第一个集合(输入)中的每一个元素都被恰好分配给第二个集合(输出)中的一个元素。映射推广了这一想法,并帮助我们将关系分类为一对一、多对一或一对多,其中一对多不是函数。本文将详细探讨其精确定义、符号、定义域和值域、复合函数与反函数,以及如何利用竖直线检验从图像中识别函数。
1. What is a Function? | 什么是函数?
ion is that no input can be paired with two different outputs. We often write f : A → B to indicate a function f from set A to set B.
函数是一种规则,将来自定义域集合中的每个输入值映射到陪域集合中恰好一个输出值。关键条件是任何一个输入都不能与两个不同的输出配对。我们通常记作 f : A → B,表示从集合 A 到集合 B 的函数 f。
For example, the rule "double the input and add 3" nique output 2x + 3. This can be written as f(x) = 2x + 3, or using mapping notation f : x ↦ 2x + 3.
例如,“将输入加倍再加 3”这一规则就定义了一个函数。对于任意实数 x,我们都可以计算出一个唯一的输出 2x + 3。这可以写作 f(x) = 2x + 3,或使用映射符号 f : x ↦ 2x + 3。
2. Domain, Codomain and Range | 定义域、陪域与值域
is the complete set of possible input values for which the function is defined. For f(x) = √x he square root of a negative number is not a real number. The codomain is the set into which all outputs are constrained to fall, often chosen as the set of real numbers ℝ range (or image) is the actual set of outputs that the function produces from the domain.
定义域是函数有定义的所有可能输入值的集合。对于 f(x) = √x,定义域通常是 x ≥ 0,因为负数没有实数平方根。陪域是所有输出被限制落入的集合,通常选为实数集 ℝ。值域(或像集)是函数从定义域实际产生的输出的集合。
l problems, you are given a function with a restricted domain, such as f(x) = 2x + 1 for x ∈ ℝ the endpoints of the domain, giving f(1) = 3 and f(5) = 11, so the range is 3 ≤ f(x) ≤ 11.
在许多 A-Level 问题中,函数会带有受限定义域,例如 f(x) = 2x + 1,其中 x ∈ ℝ 且 1 ≤ x ≤ 5。这时通过在定义域端点计算函数值可得到值域:f(1) = 3,f(5) = 11,因此值域为 3 ≤ f(x) ≤ 11。
3. Mapping Diagrams and Notation | 映射图与符号
A mapping diagram uses two ovals (one for the domain, one for the codomain) and arrows to show how each input is linked to its output. If every element in the domain has exactly one arrow leaving it, the diagram represents a function. Edexcel frequently expects you to sketch simple mapping diagrams and identify whether a rule defines a function.
映射图使用两个椭圆(一个代表定义域,一个代表陪域)和箭头来表示每个输入是如何与输出相连的。如果定义域中的每个元素恰好有一条箭头射出,该图就表示一个函数。Edexcel 经常要求你绘制简单的映射图并判断某个规则是否定义了一个函数。
Standard function notation uses f(x) = ... for expressions. You may also see "mapping" notation: f : x ↦ x² − 4x + 7. This is read as "the function f maps x to x squared minus 4x plus 7". Both forms are used interchangeably in exam questions.
标准的函数符号使用 f(x) = ... 来表示表达式。你也可能看到“映射”符号:f : x ↦ x² − 4x + 7。这读作“函数 f 将 x 映射到 x 平方减去 4x 再加 7”。两种形式在考试题目中可互换使用。
4. Types of Mappings: One-to-One and Many-to-One | 映射的类型:一对一与多对一
aph at most once. An example is f(x) = 2x − 5. Such functions have the special property that they possess an inverse that is also a function.
一对一函数(单射)将不同的输入映射到不同的输出:如果 a ≠ b,则 f(a) ≠ f(b)。在图像上,任何一条水平线与图像相交最多一次。例如 f(x) = 2x − 5。这类函数具有一个特殊性质:它们存在反函数且反函数也是一个函数。
ratic and even-degree polynomial functions are many-to-one over their natural domains. They are still valid functions because each input still yields exactly one output.
多对一函数允许多个输入共享同一个输出。最熟悉的例子是 f(x) = x²,其中 f(3) = 9 且 f(−3) = 9。许多二次函数和偶次多项式函数在其自然定义域上都是多对一的。它们仍是有效的函数,因为每个输入依然恰好产生一个输出。
5. One-to-Many is Not a Function | 一对多不是函数
e, the equation y² = x associates x = 4 with y = 2 and y = −2. Since one value of x leads to two values of y, this does not represent y as a function of x.
若一个映射中单个输入产生两个或更多不同输出,则称为一对多。这样的规则不满足函数的定义。例如,方程 y² = x 将 x = 4 与 y = 2 和 y = −2 联系起来。由于一个 x 值对应两个 y 值,它并不表示 y 是 x 的函数。
h does not define a function. The graph of y² = x is a sideways parabola, and a vertical line at x = 4 cuts it twice, confirming it is one-to-many.
通过竖直线检验可以从图像识别一对多关系:如果任何一条竖直线与曲线相交多于一次,该图像就不定义一个函数。y² = x 的图像是一条侧向抛物线,在 x = 4 处的竖直线与之相交两次,从而确认它是一对多的。
6. Defining Functions Algebraically | 用代数定义函数
ften with a domain explicitly stated. A typical Edexcel question gives f(x) = 1/(x − 2), x ∈ ℝ e division by zero is undefined. Another common example is the square root function g(x) = √x − 1, x ≥ 1.
函数可以用代数表达式表示,并通常明确给出定义域。一道典型的 Edexcel 题目会给出 f(x) = 1/(x − 2),x ∈ ℝ,x ≠ 2。限制条件 x ≠ 2 是必要的,因为分母不能为零。另一个常见的例子是平方根函数 g(x) = √x − 1,x ≥ 1。
When you work with piecewise-defined functions, different rules apply to different parts of the domain. For example:
f(x) = { 2x + 1 for x < 0, x² for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 9 − x for x > 3 }
在处理分段定义的函数时,不同的规则适用于定义域的不同部分。例如:
f(x) = { 2x + 1 若 x < 0,x² 若 0 ≤ x ≤ 3,9 − x 若 x > 3 }
Understanding how to substitute correctly into such functions for a given x-value is a key skill tested on the A-Level pure papers.
对于给定的 x 值,懂得如何正确地代入这类函数是一项在 A-Level 纯数试卷中常考的关键技能。
7. Composite Functions | 复合函数
A composite function is formed when one function is applied immediately after another. The notation fg(x) means f(g(x)): first apply g to x, then apply f to the result. The domain of the composite function fg consists of all x in the domain of g such that g(x) is in the domain of f. Edexcel questions often ask for both fg(x) and gf(x) to highlight that order matters.
复合函数是在一个函数之后紧接着应用另一个函数所形成的。记号 fg(x) 表示 f(g(x)):先将 g 作用于 x,再将 f 作用于所得结果。复合函数 fg 的定义域包含所有在 g 的定义域中且使得 g(x) 在 f 的定义域中的 x。Edexcel 题目常常要求同时求 fg(x) 和 gf(x),以强调顺序的重要性。
9x² − 6x + 1. These are clearly not the same, so composition is not generally commutative.
例如,给定 f(x) = 3x − 1 和 g(x) = x²,复合函数 fg(x) = f(x²) = 3x² − 1,而 gf(x) = g(3x − 1) = (3x − 1)² = 9x² − 6x + 1。两者显然不相同,因此复合运算一般不满足交换律。
8. Inverse Functions | 反函数
-to-one. If f is many-to-one over its whole domain, we can often restrict the domain to make it invertible. A classic example is f(x) = x² for x ≥ 0, whose inverse is f⁻¹(x) = √x.
函数 f 的反函数记作 f⁻¹,它会逆转 f 的作用。如果 f 将 a 映射到 b,那么 f⁻¹ 将 b 映射回 a。要使 f⁻¹ 作为一个函数存在,f 必须是一对一的。如果 f 在整个定义域上是多对一的,我们通常可以通过限制定义域使其可逆。一个经典例子是 f(x) = x²(x ≥ 0),其反函数为 f⁻¹(x) = √x。
2y + 3)/(y − 1), and rearrange to obtain f⁻¹(x) = (x + 3)/(x − 2). Always state the domain of the inverse, which is equal to the range of the original function.
求反函数的代数方法:写出 y = f(x),交换 x 和 y,然后解出 y。例如,若 f(x) = (2x + 3)/(x − 1),设 y = (2x + 3)/(x − 1),交换得 x = (2y + 3)/(y − 1),整理后得到 f⁻¹(x) = (x + 3)/(x − 2)。务必指出反函数的定义域,它等于原函数的值域。
9. Domain and Range of Inverse Functions | 反函数的定义域和值域
There is a very simple but powerful link between a function and its inverse: the domain of f⁻¹ is exactly the range of f, and the range of f⁻¹ is exactly the domain of f. This fact allows you to deduce domain restrictions for inverse functions quickly once you have the range of the original function.
函数与其反函数之间存在着一个简单而有力的联系:f⁻¹ 的定义域恰好是 f 的值域,而 f⁻¹ 的值域恰好是 f 的定义域。这一事实使得一旦求得原函数的值域,你就能快速推导出反函数的定义域限制。
For example, if f(x) = eˣ − 1, where x ∈ ℝ domain and range consistency is an excellent way to verify inverse function calculations.
例如,若 f(x) = eˣ − 1,其中 x ∈ ℝ,其值域为 f(x) > −1。因此,反函数为 f⁻¹(x) = ln(x + 1),且其定义域必须为 x > −1 以匹配该值域。检查定义域和值域的一致性是一个验证反函数运算的好方法。
10. Graphs of Functions and the Vertical Line Test | 函数图像与竖直线检验
any vertical line x = c intersects the graph at more than one point, the graph does not represent a function, because that input c would produce multiple outputs.
函数 y = f(x) 的图像是所有满足 x 属于定义域的点 (x, f(x)) 的集合。一个基本的视觉检验是竖直线检验:如果任何一条竖直线 x = c 与图像相交多于一点,那么该图像就不表示一个函数,因为输入 c 会产生多个输出。
t a function of x, but an upward-opening parabola y = x² passes because every vertical line cuts it exactly once (or not at all).
许多 Edexcel 题目会给出图像并询问为什么某条曲线是或不是函数。圆 x² + y² = r² 未通过竖直线检验,因此 y 不是 x 的函数,而开口向上的抛物线 y = x² 通过检验,因为每一条竖直线与它相交恰有一次(或者干脆不相交)。
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