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Integration of Trigonometric Functions Using Identities | 利用恒等式进行三角函数的积分

2026-08-02 17:44 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Integration of Trigonometric Functions Using Identities | 利用恒等式进行三角函数的积分

−cos x + c are given in the formulae booklet, many exam questions feature powers like sin²x, products like sin 3x cos x, or functions such as tan²x that cannot be integrated directly. To handle these, you must rewrite the integrand using trigonometric identities, converting it into a form that matches known integrals. This article covers the essential identities and demonstrates step‑by‑ trigonometric functions, a topic that regularly appears in Pure Year 2 and in the final A‑Level papers.

在爱德思 A-Level 数学中,你需要对多种三角函数表达式进行积分。虽然公式表中给出了 ∫ sin x dx = −cos x + c 等标准结果,但许多考题会涉及 sin²x 这样的幂次、sin 3x cos x 这样的乘积或 tan²x 这类无法直接积分的函数。要解决这些问题,你必须利用三角恒等式对被积函数进行变形,将其转化为已知积分的标准形式。本文梳理了必备的恒等式,并逐步演示三角函数的积分技巧,这一主题经常出现在 Pure Year 2 以及 A-Level 终考试卷中。

1. Why Use Trigonometric Identities? | 为什么要使用三角恒等式?

The basic integration formulae for trigonometric functions only cover sin x, cos x, sec²x, sec x tan x, cosec x cot x and cosec²x. When an integrand contains powers, products or composite arguments, direct integration is usually impossible. Trigonometric identities allow you to simplify the expression into a sum of familiar functions. Mastery of these identities is not only vital for integration but also strengthens your algebraic fluency for the whole Pure Mathematics course.

三角函数的基本积分公式仅涵盖 sin x、cos x、sec²x、sec x tan x、cosec x cot x 和 cosec²x。当被积函数含有幂次、乘积或复合角度时,直接积分往往不可行。三角恒等式能够把表达式化简成若干个熟悉函数的和。熟练掌握这些恒等式不仅对积分至关重要,也能提升你在整个纯数学课程中的代数运算能力。


2. Key Trigonometric Identities for Integration | 积分中常用的三角恒等式

Before tackling integrals, you need to have the following identities at your fingertips. They are all provided in the Edexcel formulae booklet, but you must learn to recognise when to apply each one.

在动手积分之前,你需要熟练掌握下列恒等式。它们都收录在爱德思公式表中,但你必须学会识别在何种场合应用哪一条。

Identity (English)恒等式(中文)
sin²x + cos²x ≡ 1sin²x + cos²x ≡ 1
tan²x ≡ sec²x − 1tan²x ≡ sec²x − 1
cos 2x ≡ 1 − 2 sin²x ≡ 2 cos²x − 1cos 2x ≡ 1 − 2 sin²x ≡ 2 cos²x − 1
sin²x ≡ ½(1 − cos 2x)sin²x ≡ ½(1 − cos 2x)
cos²x ≡ ½(1 + cos 2x)cos²x ≡ ½(1 + cos 2x)
sin 2x ≡ 2 sin x cos xsin 2x ≡ 2 sin x cos x

For products of sines and cosines with different arguments, the sum‑to‑product formulas are invaluable. The ones most frequently used in integration are:

对于不同角度的正弦和余弦乘积,积化和差公式非常有用。积分中最常用的是:

These conversions transform a product into a sum, which can be integrated term by term.

这些转换把乘积化为和的形式,从而可以逐项积分。


3. Integrating sin²x and cos²x | 积分 sin²x 和 cos²x

The textbook integrals of sin x and cos x are immediate, but squaring them introduces an even power that cannot be undone with a simple substitution. To integrate sin²x, rewrite it using the double‑angle identity.

教材中 sin x 和 cos x 的积分可以直接写出,但平方之后出现了偶次幂,无法通过简单换元消去。要积分 sin²x,应先用倍角公式改写。

Step 1 (English): Replace sin²x with ½(1 − cos 2x). This is derived from cos 2x ≡ 1 − 2 sin²x.

步骤 1(中文): 将 sin²x 换成 ½(1 − cos 2x)。该式由 cos 2x ≡ 1 − 2 sin²x 变形得到。

Step 2 (English): Integrate term by term: ∫ ½(1 − cos 2x) dx = ½ ∫ 1 dx − ½ ∫ cos 2x dx.

步骤 2(中文): 逐项积分:∫ ½(1 − cos 2x) dx = ½ ∫ 1 dx − ½ ∫ cos 2x dx。

Step 3 (English): Compute: ½ x − ½ × (½ sin 2x) + c = ½ x − ¼ sin 2x + c.

步骤 3(中文): 计算得:½ x − ½ × (½ sin 2x) + c = ½ x − ¼ sin 2x + c。

Similarly, for cos²x, use cos²x ≡ ½(1 + cos 2x) and integrate to obtain ½ x + ¼ sin 2x + c. These two results are so common that many students memorise them directly.

类似地,对于 cos²x,利用 cos²x ≡ ½(1 + cos 2x) 积分得到 ½ x + ¼ sin 2x + c。这两个结果非常常用,很多同学会直接记忆。


4. Integrating sin³x and cos³x | 积分 sin³x 和 cos³x

Odd powers can be tackled by separating one factor and using the Pythagorean identity to express the remaining even power in terms of the other trigonometric function. This sets up a straightforward substitution.

处理奇次幂的方法是将一个因式分离出来,再用平方恒等式把剩下的偶次幂表示成另一种三角函数,为换元创造条件。

−(1 − u²) du = ∫ (u² − 1) du = ⅓ u³ − u + c. Substituting back gives ⅓ cos³x − cos x + c.

计算 ∫ sin³x dx 时,把 sin³x 写作 sin²x sin x = (1 − cos²x) sin x。然后令 u = cos x,得 du = − sin x dx。积分变为 ∫ −(1 − u²) du = ∫ (u² − 1) du = ⅓ u³ − u + c。回代后得到 ⅓ cos³x − cos x + c。

³ + c = sin x − ⅓ sin³x + c. Notice how the odd power neatly reduces to a polynomial in u.

对于 ∫ cos³x dx,方法是对称的:cos³x = cos x (1 − sin²x),并令 u = sin x,得到 ∫ (1 − u²) du = u − ⅓ u³ + c = sin x − ⅓ sin³x + c。注意奇次幂是如何巧妙地化为关于 u 的多项式的。


5. Integrating tan²x and cot²x | 积分 tan²x 和 cot²x

not appear in the basic integral list, but tan²x can be integrated with the identity tan²x ≡ ∫ tan²x dx = tan x − x + c. The same logic applies to cot²x, using the identity 1 + cot²x ≡ cosec²x, giving ∫ cot²x dx = ∫ (cosec²x − 1) dx = −cot x − x + c.

函数 tan x 并不在基本积分表中,但 tan²x 可以通过恒等式 tan²x ≡ sec²x − 1 积分。因为 ∫ sec²x dx = tan x + c,∫ 1 dx = x,所以 ∫ tan²x dx = tan x − x + c。同样的道理适用于 cot²x,利用 1 + cot²x ≡ cosec²x,得到 ∫ cot²x dx = ∫ (cosec²x − 1) dx = −cot x − x + c。

This technique appears frequently in Edexcel papers, often hidden inside a larger integral that requires expansion first.

这种技巧在爱德思试卷中频繁出现,常常隐藏在需要先展开的复杂积分中。


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6. Integrating Products such as sin mx cos nx | 积分 sin mx cos nx 型乘积

hen the integrand is a product of sine and cosine with different linear arguments, the sum‑to‑ )] with A = 3x, B = 2x gives ½[sin 5x + sin x]. The integral becomes ½ ∫ sin 5x dx + ½ ∫ sin x dx = ½ (−⅕ cos 5x) + ½ (−cos x) + c = −⅟₁₀ cos 5x − ½ cos x + c. Note the coefficient ⅕ arising from the division by 5 when integrating sin 5x.

当被积函数是不同线性角度的正弦与余弦的乘积时,积化和差公式将其转化为正弦的和,从而便于积分。假设你需要计算 ∫ sin 3x cos 2x dx,利用 sin A cos B = ½[sin(A+B) + sin(A−B)],取 A = 3x, B = 2x 得到 ½[sin 5x + sin x]。积分变为 ½ ∫ sin 5x dx + ½ ∫ sin x dx = ½ (−⅕ cos 5x) + ½ (−cos x) + c = −⅟₁₀ cos 5x − ½ cos x + c。注意积分 sin 5x 时要除以 5,因而产生系数 ⅕。

Always check your result by differentiating; the chain rule will confirm the coefficient.

务必通过求导来检验结果;链式法则会验证系数的正确性。


7. Integrating Higher Even Powers like sin⁴x | 积分 sin⁴x 等高次偶幂

For even powers greater than 2, you apply the half‑ cos²2x is still an even power; replace it with ½(1 + cos 4x). Thus sin⁴x = ¼[1 − 2 cos 2x + ½(1 + cos 4x)] = ¼[1 − 2 cos 2x + ½ + ½ cos 4x] = ¼[³⁄₂ − 2 cos 2x + ½ cos 4x] = ⅜ − ½ cos 2x + ⅛ cos 4x. Integrate term by term: ⅜ x − ¼ sin 2x + ⅟₃₂ sin 4x + c. This double‑ ion method works for any even power of sine or cosine, though the algebra grows lengthier.

对于高于 2 次的偶次幂,需要反复使用半角公式,直到完全消去幂次。以 ∫ sin⁴x dx 为例,将 sin⁴x 写成 (sin²x)² = [½(1 − cos 2x)]² = ¼(1 − 2 cos 2x + cos²2x)。此时 cos²2x 仍然是偶次幂,再用 cos²2x = ½(1 + cos 4x) 替换。于是 = ¼[1 − 2 cos 2x + ½ + ½ cos 4x] = ¼[³⁄₂ − 2 cos 2x + ½ cos 4x] = ⅜ − ½ cos 2x + ⅛ cos 4x。逐项积分得 ⅜ x − ¼ sin 2x + ⅟₃₂ sin 4x + c。这种倍角降次法适用于任何正弦或余弦的偶次幂,只是代数运算会越来越长。


8. Combining Identities with Substitution | 恒等式与换元法的组合

n x. Write sin⁴x = (1 − cos²x)², so the integrand becomes (1 − cos²x)² cos²x sin x. Now let u = cos x, du = − sin x dx. The integral transforms into −∫ (1 − u²)² u² du = −∫ (u² − 2u⁴ + u⁶) du = −(⅓ u³ − ⅖ u⁵ + ⅐ u⁷) + c, and then back‑ blems where only one trigonometric function appears paired with an odd power of the other.

有些积分需要同时使用三角恒等式和换元法。以 ∫ sin⁵x cos²x dx 为例。首先分离出一个 sin x:sin⁴x cos²x sin x。将 sin⁴x 写成 (1 − cos²x)²,被积函数变为 (1 − cos²x)² cos²x sin x。此时令 u = cos x,du = − sin x dx,积分转换为 −∫ (1 − u²)² u² du = −∫ (u² − 2u⁴ + u⁶) du = −(⅓ u³ − ⅖ u⁵ + ⅐ u⁷) + c,再回代。这种组合方法常见于爱德思积分题目,特点是仅出现一种三角函数并附有另一种的奇次幂。


9. Definite Integration with Trigonometric Identities | 利用恒等式计算定积分

dx. Using tan²x = sec²x − 1 gives ∫₀^π/4 (sec²x − 1) dx = [tan x − x]₀^π/4 = (tan(π/4) − π/4) − (tan 0 − 0) = 1 − π/4. Without the identity, you would be stuck because no standard formula exists for ∫ tan²x dx directly. Always rewrite the integrand first; then substitute the limits into the simplified antiderivative.

当涉及积分限时,先应用恒等式再积分可以大幅简化计算。例如,求 ∫₀^π/4 tan²x dx。利用 tan²x = sec²x − 1 得到 ∫₀^π/4 (sec²x − 1) dx = [tan x − x]₀^π/4 = (tan(π/4) − π/4) − (tan 0 − 0) = 1 − π/4。如果没有恒等式,你就会卡住,因为没有直接对应 ∫ tan²x dx 的标准公式。务必先重写被积函数,再将上下限代入简化后的原函数。

= π/2. This result is often used in physics and engineering, and it is worth remembering.

另一个常见的定积分是 ∫₀^π sin²x dx。代入恒等式得到 ∫₀^π ½(1 − cos 2x) dx = ½[x − ½ sin 2x]₀^π = ½[π − 0 − (0 − 0)] = π/2。这个结果在物理和工程中经常出现,值得记下。


10. Common Mistakes to Avoid | 常见错误提醒

g cos 2x or sin 2x. Since differentiation of sin 2x gives 2 cos 2x, integration must divide by 2: ∫ cos 2x dx = ½ sin 2x + c. Another pitfall is mishandling signs when converting identities, especially with sum‑to‑product formulas. Always double‑check the sign inside the brackets.

即使同学们知道恒等式,也容易犯粗心的错误。一个典型的错误是在积分 cos 2x 或 sin 2x 时忘记调整系数。因为 sin 2x 的导数为 2 cos 2x,积分就必须除以 2:∫ cos 2x dx = ½ sin 2x + c。另一个易错点是在转换恒等式时搞错符号,尤其是积化和差公式。务必反复检查括号内的正负号。

he original sin x dx becomes − du. Missing the minus sign will flip the final answer. Finally, do not confuse sin²x with (sin x)²; they are mathematically identical, but when reading exam questions, recognise that ∫ sin²x dx is not the same as ∫ sin x² dx—the latter is not integrable in terms of elementary functions.

此外,当对奇次幂使用换元时,很多人忘记正确处理微分。设 u = cos x 后 du = − sin x dx,因此原式中的 sin x dx 应换成 − du。遗漏负号会彻底翻转最终答案。最后,不要将 sin²x 与 (sin x)² 混淆;两者数学上等价,但在读题时要认清 ∫ sin²x dx 与 ∫ sin x² dx 截然不同——后者不能用初等函数积分。


11. How These Techniques Appear in Edexcel Exams | 爱德思考试中的常见题型

efinite integral explicitly, or to use integration to find the area under a trigonometric curve. In some cases, the integral emerges after you apply a trigonometric substitution to a rational function. For instance, in Paper 2, a question on parametric equations might require you to find the area bounded by a curve given by x = cos θ, y = sin 2θ, demanding integration of y (dx/dθ) with respect to θ. Recognising the structure and selecting the right identity quickly is essential for time management.

爱德思纯数 Paper 1 和 Paper 2 经常出现分值在 4 到 7 分之间的三角函数积分。题目可能要求直接计算定积分,或利用积分求三角函数曲线围成的面积。有些情况下,积分会在你对有理函数作三角代换后出现。例如,在 Paper 2 中,一道参数方程题可能要求计算由 x = cos θ, y = sin 2θ 给出的曲线所围面积,这就需要对 y (dx/dθ) 关于 θ 积分。迅速识别结构并选取合适的恒等式,对考场时间管理至关重要。


12. Summary and Key Takeaways | 总结与核心要点

To master trigonometric integration for Edexcel A-Level, build a solid routine: first, spot the type of integrand—even power, odd power, product, or tan²/cot². Second, select the appropriate identity to rewrite the expression as a sum of basic integrals. Third, integrate term by term, carefully handling coefficients from the chain rule. Fourth, never forget the constant of integration for indefinite integrals, and for definite ones, evaluate the antiderivative at the limits. Regular practice with past paper questions from the Pearson Edexcel collection will cement these patterns and reveal the subtle variations examiners favour.

要在爱德思 A-Level 中掌握三角函数积分,需要建立一套扎实的流程:首先,识别被积函数的类型——偶次幂、奇次幂、乘积还是 tan²/cot²。然后,选择合适的恒等式将表达式改写为基本积分的和。接着逐项积分,细心处理链式法则带来的系数。对于不定积分,永远记得加上积分常数;对于定积分,要在上下限处求原函数的值。利用 Pearson Edexcel 的历年真题进行常规练习,能巩固这些模式,并让你熟悉考官偏爱的各种细微变化。

The key identities—double‑angle, Pythagorean, and sum‑to‑product—are the tools that turn seemingly impossible integrals into straightforward calculations. Keep a summary card of these identities and refer to it during your revision sessions. With disciplined application, trigonometric integration becomes one of the most predictable and rewarding parts of the A-Level syllabus.

双角公式、毕达哥拉斯恒等式以及积化和差公式,这些核心工具能将看似不可能的积分化为简单的计算。制作一张这些恒等式的摘要卡片,并在复习时经常查阅。只要严谨运用,三角函数积分就会成为 A-Level 考纲中最可预测且最有回报的模块之一。

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