📚 Uses of Ammonia and Ammonium Compounds | 氨及铵化合物的用途
Ammonia (NH₃) is a colourless, pungent gas that is manufactured on a massive scale, primarily via the Haber process. Its global production exceeds 150 million tonnes per year. The unique properties of ammonia—high nitrogen content, water solubility, and ability to form ammonium salts—make it indispensable in agriculture, industry, and cleaning. In this article, we explore the wide-ranging uses of ammonia and its derived ammonium compounds, highlighting their chemical principles and practical applications.
氨（NH₃）是一种无色、有刺激性气味的气体，主要通过哈伯法大规模生产，全球年产量超过1.5亿吨。氨氮含量高、水溶性好且容易形成铵盐，这些独特性质使其在农业、工业和清洁领域中不可或缺。本文将探讨氨及其衍生的铵化合物的广泛用途，并重点介绍相关的化学原理和实际应用。
1. Direct Application of Ammonia as a Fertiliser | 氨直接用作肥料
Anhydrous ammonia can be injected directly into soil, where it reacts with water to form ammonium hydroxide. Microorganisms in the soil then oxidise the ammonium to nitrates, which are readily absorbed by plant roots. This method provides a high-nitrogen input efficiently.
无水氨可直接注入土壤，与水反应生成氢氧化铵。土壤中的微生物随后将铵氧化为硝酸盐，被植物根部高效吸收。这种方法可快速提供高氮输入。
Aqueous ammonia (ammonia solution) is also used as a foliar spray or to fertigate crops. It is cheaper than many solid fertilisers and allows precise application.
氨水（氨溶液）也可用作叶面喷施或灌溉施肥。它比许多固体肥料便宜，并且可以实现精准施用。
However, anhydrous ammonia must be handled with extreme care, as it is corrosive and requires specialised equipment. Losses through volatilisation can also reduce its efficiency.
然而，无水氨必须极其小心地处理，因其具有腐蚀性并需要专用设备。氨的挥发损失也可能降低其利用效率。
2. Ammonium Salts as Fertilisers | 铵盐化肥
A large portion of ammonia is neutralised with acids to produce solid ammonium salt fertilisers. Ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) provides both ammonium and nitrate nitrogen and is a common high-analysis fertiliser. It is also used in mixtures like CAN (calcium ammonium nitrate) for safety.
大部分氨通过酸碱中和反应生成固态铵盐肥料。硝酸铵（NH₄NO₃）同时提供铵态氮和硝态氮，是一种常见的高浓度肥料。它也用于配制硝酸铵钙（CAN）等安全混合物。
Ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) is produced by reacting ammonia with sulfuric acid. It supplies nitrogen and sulfur, which is vital for protein synthesis in crops such as oilseed rape and cereals.
硫酸铵（(NH₄)₂SO₄）由氨与硫酸反应制得。它提供氮和硫，后者对油菜籽和谷物等作物的蛋白质合成至关重要。
Ammonium phosphates, such as monoammonium phosphate (MAP
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