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From Name to Formula | 从名称到化学式

2026-08-02 12:36 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 From Name to Formula | 从名称到化学式

Understanding how to translate a chemical name into its correct formula is a fundamental skill in A-Level Chemistry. This process relies on recognizing the type of compound—ionic, covalent, or acidic—and applying the appropriate set of nomenclature rules. Mastery of this topic not only ensures success in exams but also provides a solid foundation for practical laboratory work and further study.

理解如何将化学名称转化为正确的化学式是A-Level化学的一项基本技能。这个过程依赖于识别化合物的类型——离子化合物、共价化合物或酸——并应用相应的命名规则。掌握这一主题不仅有助于在考试中取得成功,也为实验室工作和进一步学习奠定坚实基础。


1. Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature | 化学命名法简介

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) sets the standard for naming chemical substances. A systematic name provides unambiguous information about a compound's composition and structure. In the context of A-Level, we focus on converting between names and formulas for common inorganic compounds, including salts, molecular compounds, and acids. The key is to decode the name into its constituent ions or elements, then assemble the formula using charge balance or prefix-based subscripts.

国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IUPAC)制定了化学物质命名的标准。系统名称提供了关于化合物组成和结构的明确信息。在A-Level化学中,我们主要研究常见无机化合物(包括盐、分子化合物和酸)的名称与化学式之间的转换。关键在于将名称解码为其组成的离子或元素,然后利用电荷平衡或基于前缀的下标来组合化学式。


2. Naming Ionic Compounds: Binary Compounds | 离子化合物命名:二元化合物

Ionic compounds are named by stating the cation (positive ion) first, followed by the anion (negative ion). In binary ionic compounds, the cation is simply the metal name, and the anion takes the root of the non-metal name with the suffix '-ide'. For instance, NaCl is sodium chloride, KBr is potassium bromide, and MgO is magnesium oxide. No prefixes are used to indicate the number of ions; the charges determine the ratio.

离子化合物的命名方法是先写阳离子(正离子),后写阴离子(负离子)。在二元离子化合物中,阳离子直接使用金属名称,阴离子则取非金属名称的词根加上后缀“-ide”。例如,NaCl是氯化钠(sodium chloride),KBr是溴化钾(potassium bromide),MgO是氧化镁(magnesium oxide)。不使用前缀来指示离子的数量;电荷决定了比例。


3. From Name to Formula: Ionic Compounds with Fixed Charge | 从名称到化学式:固定电荷的离子化合物

from the name, identify the ions and their charges from the periodic table or a data sheet. Then, criss-cross the charges to become subscripts, ensuring the lowest whole-number ratio. For example, calcium chloride: Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻ → CaCl₂. Aluminium oxide: Al³⁺ and O²⁻ → Al₂O₃.

某些金属,如第I族和第II族元素,以及铝(Al³⁺)、锌(Zn²⁺)和银(Ag⁺),具有固定电荷。要从名称推导化学式,首先根据周期表或数据表确定离子及其电荷。然后,交叉电荷作为下标,确保得到最简整数比。例如,氯化钙:Ca²⁺ 和 Cl⁻ → CaCl₂。氧化铝:Al³⁺ 和 O²⁻ → Al₂O₃。

Calcium chloride: CaCl₂

氯化钙:CaCl₂

Aluminium oxide: Al₂O₃

氧化铝:Al₂O₃


4. Transition Metals: Using Roman Numerals | 过渡金属:使用罗马数字

instance, iron(III) oxide indicates Fe³⁺, while iron(II) oxide indicates Fe²⁺. To write the formula, extract the oxidation number from the Roman numeral and combine with the anion, balancing charges. Example: copper(II) sulfate: Cu²⁺ and SO₄²⁻ → CuSO₄ (ratio 1:1). Iron(III) oxide: Fe³⁺ and O²⁻ → Fe₂O₃.

许多过渡金属可以形成不同电荷的离子,因此名称中必须用括号内的罗马数字标明氧化态。例如,iron(III) oxide 表示 Fe³⁺,而 iron(II) oxide 表示 Fe²⁺。书写化学式时,从罗马数字中提取氧化数,与阴离子结合并平衡电荷。例如,copper(II) sulfate:Cu²⁺ 和 SO₄²⁻ → CuSO₄(比例为1:1)。iron(III) oxide:Fe³⁺ 和 O²⁻ → Fe₂O₃。

Iron(III) oxide: Fe₂O₃

氧化铁(III):Fe₂O₃


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5. Polyatomic Ions: Recognizing Common Groups | 多原子离子:识别常见原子团

rbonate (CO₃²⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), and hydroxide (OH⁻). When a name contains one of these, write the formula of the whole ion. If more than one polyatomic ion is needed to balance the charge, enclose it in parentheses before adding the subscript. For example, calcium nitrate: Ca²⁺ + 2NO₃⁻ → Ca(NO₃)₂. Ammonium sulfate: 2NH₄⁺ + SO₄²⁻ → (NH₄)₂SO₄.

多原子离子是由两个或多个原子通过共价键结合而成的带电粒子。常见例子包括硫酸根(SO₄²⁻)、硝酸根(NO₃⁻)、碳酸根(CO₃²⁻)、铵根(NH₄⁺)和氢氧根(OH⁻)。当名称中含有这些离子时,要写出整个离子的化学式。如果需要多个多原子离子来平衡电荷,应先将其放在括号内,再添加下标。例如,硝酸钙:Ca²⁺ + 2NO₃⁻ → Ca(NO₃)₂。硫酸铵:2NH₄⁺ + SO₄²⁻ → (NH₄)₂SO₄。

Calcium nitrate: Ca(NO₃)₂

硝酸钙:Ca(NO₃)₂

Ammonium sulfate: (NH₄)₂SO₄

硫酸铵:(NH₄)₂SO₄


6. Naming Covalent Compounds: Prefix System | 共价化合物命名:前缀系统

Covalent (molecular) compounds consist of nonmetals only. Their names use Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each atom present: mono- (1), di- (2), tri- (3), tetra- (4), penta- (5), hexa- (6), etc. The first element keeps its name; the second element ends with '-ide'. The prefix 'mono-' is usually omitted for the first element. Examples: CO₂ is carbon dioxide, PCl₅ is phosphorus pentachloride, and N₂O₄ is dinitrogen tetroxide.

共价(分子)化合物仅由非金属元素组成。它们的名称使用希腊数字前缀来表示每种原子的个数:mono-(1)、di-(2)、tri-(3)、tetra-(4)、penta-(5)、hexa-(6)等。第一个元素保留其名称;第二个元素以“-ide”结尾。前缀“mono-”通常在对第一个元素时省略。例如,CO₂是二氧化碳(carbon dioxide),PCl₅是五氯化磷(phosphorus pentachloride),N₂O₄是四氧化二氮(dinitrogen tetroxide)。


7. Converting Prefix Names to Formulas | 将前缀名称转换为化学式

To write the formula from a prefix-based name, simply translate the prefixes into numerical subscripts attached to the relevant element symbol. For example, sulfur trioxide: SO₃ (no subscript for sulfur as it is mono, but omitted). Dinitrogen monoxide: N₂O. Carbon tetrachloride: CCl₄. For compounds where the first element has no prefix, assume one atom. Note: Do not use prefixes for ionic compounds—only for molecular ones.

要从基于前缀的名称写出化学式,只需将前缀翻译为附在相应元素符号后的数字下标。例如,三氧化硫(sulfur trioxide):SO₃(硫没有下标,因为为单原子,但省略)。一氧化二氮(dinitrogen monoxide):N₂O。四氯化碳(carbon tetrachloride):CCl₄。对于第一个元素没有前缀的化合物,假定为一个原子。注意:不要对离子化合物使用前缀——前缀仅用于分子化合物。

Sulfur trioxide: SO₃

三氧化硫:SO₃

Dinitrogen monoxide: N₂O

一氧化二氮:N₂O


8. Acids and Their Formulas | 酸及其化学式

Acids can be recognized by names starting with 'hydro-...-ic acid' for binary acids or changing endings for oxyacids. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a binary acid. For oxyacids, the '-ate' polyatomic ion becomes '-ic acid', and '-ite' becomes '-ous acid' H₂SO₃. The formula is obtained by combining H⁺ with the polyatomic ion, balancing charges.

酸可以通过名称识别:二元酸以“hydro-...-ic acid”开头,含氧酸则改变词尾。“-ate”多原子离子变成“-ic acid”,“-ite”变成“-ous acid”。因此,硫酸(sulfuric acid)来源于硫酸根(SO₄²⁻)→ H₂SO₄。硝酸(nitric acid)来源于硝酸根(NO₃⁻)→ HNO₃。亚硫酸(sulfurous acid)来源于亚硫酸根(SO₃²⁻)→ H₂SO₃。化学式通过将 H⁺ 与多原子离子结合并平衡电荷得到。

Sulfuric acid: H₂SO₄

硫酸:H₂SO₄

Nitric acid: HNO₃

Published by TutorHao | A-Level Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com

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