📚 Worksheet Answers – Chapter 34 | 第34章 工作表答案
This article provides model answers to the worksheet for Chapter 34, which focuses on globalisation, multinational corporations (MNCs), international trade, and their impact on business strategy. Use these answers to check your understanding and deepen your knowledge of key concepts for the Cambridge A-Level Business syllabus.
本文提供第34章工作表的范例答案，该章重点涉及全球化、跨国公司、国际贸易及其对企业战略的影响。你可以利用这些答案检查自己的理解，并深化对剑桥A-Level商务教学大纲中关键概念的掌握。
1. Definition of Globalization | 全球化的定义
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of national economies through the growth of international trade, cross-border investment, and the flow of technology, labour, and capital. It enables businesses to operate on a worldwide scale and consumers to access products from almost any country.
全球化是指通过国际贸易、跨境投资以及技术、劳动力和资本的流动，各国经济日益融合和相互依存的过程。它使企业能够在全球范围经营，并使消费者几乎能够获得任何国家的产品。
2. Key Features of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) | 跨国公司的关键特征
A multinational corporation is a business that owns or controls production or service facilities in more than one country. Key features include: large-scale operations with high revenue, a centralized head office usually in the home country, the ability to transfer resources and technology across borders, and significant influence on local economies and global trade patterns.
跨国公司是指在多个国家拥有或控制生产或服务设施的企业。主要特征包括：规模大、收入高；通常在母国设有集中总部；有能力在各国之间转移资源和技术；并对当地经济和全球贸易格局产生重大影响。
3. Advantages of MNCs to the Host Economy | 跨国企业对东道国经济的优势
MNCs can bring several benefits to a host country's economy. They create employment opportunities, both directly and through local supply chains. They often introduce advanced technology and managerial expertise, which can improve productivity. Additionally, they contribute to government tax revenues and may invest in infrastructure such as roads and utilities. Increased competition spurred by MNCs can also raise the quality of domestic products.
跨国公司能为东道国经济带来多种好处。它们通过直接雇佣和本地供应链创造就业机会；常常引入先进技术和管理经验，提高生产率；此外，它们贡献政府税收，并可能投资道路、公用事业等基础设施。跨国公司带来的竞争加剧也能提升本土产品的质量。
4. Potential Drawbacks of MNCs in Developing Countries | 跨国公司在发展中国家的潜在弊端
Despite the benefits, MNCs may pose risks to developing countries. They might exploit cheap labour by offering low wages and poor working conditions. Profits are often repatriated to the home country rather than reinvested locally. They can overpower local businesses, leading to market dominance or even monopolies. Environmental damage may occur if regulations are weaker in the host country. Cultural erosion is also a concern, as global brands may overshadow local traditions.
尽管有好处，跨国公司可能给发展中国家带来风险。它们可能通过提供低工资和恶劣工作条件剥削廉价劳动力；利润往往汇回母国，而非在当地再投资；它们可能压制本地企业，导致市场支配甚至垄断；若东道国法规较宽松，可能造成环境破坏；文化侵蚀也是一个隐患，因为全球品牌可能使当地传统黯然失色。
5. Impact of Exchange Rate Fluctuations on MNCs | 汇率波动对跨国公司的影响
Exchange rate movements affect MNCs’ financial performance in several ways. A depreciation of the host country's currency can reduce the value of profits when converted to the home currency. It can also make exports from that host country cheaper, potentially boosting sales abroad, while increasing the cost of imported raw materials. Conversely, an appreciation makes exports more expensive but lowers the cost of imports. MNCs often use hedging strategies to manage currency risk.
汇率波动在多个方面影响跨国公司的财务表现。东道国货币贬值会在折算为本币时减少利润价值，但也会使该国出口商品更便宜，可能促进海外销售，同时提高进口原材料的成本。反之，货币升值使出口更贵，但降低进口成本。跨国公司常使用套期保值策略管理汇率风险。
6. The Role of Free Trade Agreements and Trading Blocs | 自由贸易协定与贸易集团的作用
Free trade agreements (FTAs) and trading blocs such as the EU, USMCA, and ASEAN reduce or eliminate tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers among member countries. They give businesses access to larger markets with lower costs, facilitate economies of scale, and encourage foreign direct investment. However, they may expose domestic firms to tougher competition and require adherence to common regulations.
自由贸易协定和贸易集团（如欧盟、美墨加协定和东盟）减少或取消成员国之间的关税、配额及其他贸易壁垒。它们使企业能以更低成本进入更大市场，促进规模经济，并鼓励外国直接投资。但它们也可能使本土企业面临更激烈的竞争，并要求遵守共同规则。
7. Methods of Entering International Markets | 进入国际市场的方法
Businesses can enter international markets using several methods, each with varying degrees of risk and control. Exporting is the simplest, involving selling goods produced domestically to foreign markets. Licensing and franchising allow a foreign partner to produce or sell products under the brand’s name for a fee. Joint ventures involve shared ownership with a local firm, while strategic alliances are looser collaborations. The highest commitment is foreign direct investment (FDI), such as establishing wholly owned subsidiaries or acquiring overseas companies.
企业可通过多种方法进入国际市场，风险和控制程度各不相同。出口最简单，把在国内生产的商品卖到国外；许可经营和特许经营允许国外合作方付费后以品牌名义生产或销售产品；合资企业与当地企业共同拥有所有权，而战略联盟是更松散的合作。承诺程度最高的是外国直接投资，如设立全资子公司或收购海外公司。
8. Opportunities and Threats of Globalisation for Businesses | 全球化为企业带来的机遇与威胁
Globalisation presents clear opportunities: access to much larger customer bases, the ability to source cheaper raw materials and labour, greater economies of scale, and opportunities for innovation through diverse inputs. Threats include heightened competition from international rivals, exposure to global economic volatility, complex legal and cultural environments, and potential supply chain disruptions over long distances.
全球化带来明显的机遇：进入大得多的客户群、获取更便宜的原材料和劳动力、实现更大的规模经济，以及通过多样化投入实现创新的机会。威胁包括来自国际对手的激烈竞争、暴露于全球经济波动、复杂的法律和文化环境，以及远距离供应链可能中断的风险。
9. Coping with Global Competition: Strategies for Local Firms | 应对全球竞争：本土企业的策略
Local firms can adopt various strategies to survive against large MNCs. Differentiation through product quality, unique features, or strong local branding can build customer loyalty. Cost leadership by optimizing local supply chains and lean operations keeps prices competitive. Forming strategic alliances with other local or even global firms can pool resources. Niche marketing, targeting specific underserved segments, is another effective defence. They may also collaborate with government to seek temporary protection or support for innovation.
本土企业可采用多种策略在与大型跨国公司的竞争中生存。通过产品质量、独特功能或强大的本土品牌进行差异化可以建立客户忠诚度；通过优化本地供应链和精益运营实现成本领先以保持价格竞争力；与其他本地甚至全球企业建立战略联盟以集中资源；瞄准特定未被充分服务的细分市场的利基营销是另一种有效防御。它们也可与政府合作，寻求暂时性保护或对创新的支持。
10. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of MNCs | 跨国公司的企业社会责任
MNCs face growing pressure to act responsibly in environmental, social, and ethical dimensions. CSR practices include ensuring fair wages and safe working conditions in all subsidiaries, minimizing carbon footprints, avoiding corruption, and respecting local cultures and laws. Effective CSR can enhance brand reputation, attract ethically minded consumers and investors, and reduce the risk of legal problems. However, some critics argue that MNCs sometimes use CSR as a public relations tool without genuine commitment, which can lead to accusations of 'greenwashing'.
跨国公司面临越来越大的压力，需要在环境、社会和道德方面采取负责任行动。企业社会责任实践包括在所有子公司确保公平工资和安全的工作条件、减少碳足迹、避免腐败、尊重当地文化和法律。有效的企业社会责任能提升品牌声誉，吸引有道德意识的消费者和投资者，并降低法律风险。然而，有批评者认为跨国公司有时将企业社会责任作为公关工具，缺乏真诚承诺，这可能导致'漂绿'的指责。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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