📚 Business Structure Worksheet (Chapter 2) | 商业结构练习题（第2章）
This worksheet is designed to reinforce your understanding of the different legal structures businesses can adopt, as covered in Chapter 2 of the Cambridge International AS & A Level Business syllabus. Through a variety of question styles – from fill‑in‑the‑blanks to scenario analysis and an essay task – you will consolidate key concepts such as unlimited and limited liability, the features of sole traders, partnerships, private and public limited companies, franchises and joint ventures. Use the model answers at the end to check your progress and refine exam technique.
本练习表旨在巩固你对剑桥国际AS & A Level商务大纲第2章所涵盖的不同企业法律结构的理解。通过填空、情景分析、小论文等多种题型，你将巩固无限责任与有限责任、个体经营户、合伙企业、私人有限公司和上市公司、特许经营与合资企业等核心概念。最后利用参考答案检查学习效果并完善考试技巧。
1. Key Terminology Gap Fill | 关键术语填空
Complete each sentence using terms from the list: sole trader, partnership, unlimited liability, limited liability, private limited company, public limited company, franchise, joint venture, memorandum of association, articles of association.
用下列术语完成句子：sole trader, partnership, unlimited liability, limited liability, private limited company, public limited company, franchise, joint venture, memorandum of association, articles of association。
n by one person, where that person is personally responsible for all debts, is a ________.
1. 由一个人拥有并经营，且该个人对所有债务承担个人责任的企业是________。
that ensures shareholders can only lose the amount they have invested is called ________.
2. 确保股东最多只损失其投资金额的法律保护称为________。
iness formed by two or more people who share profits and usually have unlimited liability.
3. ________是由两个或两个以上的人组成、分享利润且通常承担无限责任的企业。
company whose shares can be sold on a stock exchange to the general public is a ________.
4. 其股份可在证券交易所向公众出售的公司是________。
internal rules governing how a limited company will be run are laid down in its ________.
5. 规定一家有限公司如何运营的内部规则载于其________。
erson to trade under an established brand name in return for a fee and a share of revenue.
6. ________允许个人使用一个知名品牌进行经营，并支付费用和收入分成。
es that pool resources for a specific project, sharing risks and rewards, form a ________.
7. 两家企业为特定项目集中资源、共担风险与收益，即组成了________。
8. A company that cannot offer shares to the public and is often family‑run is known as a ________.
8. 不能向公众发行股份、通常由家族经营的公司被称为________。
2. Features of Sole Traders and Partnerships | 个体经营户与合伙企业的特征
List two advantages and two disadvantages for each structure. Use the word bank: total control, easy to set up, unlimited liability, shared expertise, potential for conflict, limited access to finance, continuity risk, more capital available.
列出每种结构的两个优点和两个缺点。使用词库：total control, easy to set up, unlimited liability, shared expertise, potential for conflict, limited access to finance, continuity risk, more capital available。
Sole trader / 个体经营户
Advantage 1: ________
优点1: ________
Advantage 2: ________
优点2: ________
Disadvantage 1: ________
缺点1: ________
Disadvantage 2: ________
缺点2: ________
Partnership / 合伙企业
Advantage 1: ________
优点1: ________
Advantage 2: ________
优点2: ________
Disadvantage 1: ________
缺点1: ________
Disadvantage 2: ________
缺点2: ________
3. Limited Companies: Private (Ltd) vs Public (plc) | 有限公司：私人有限公司与上市公司
Study the comparison table below and then answer the questions that follow.
研究下面的比较表格，然后回答随后的问题。
| Feature / 特征 | Private Limited Company (Ltd) / 私人有限公司 | Public Limited Company (plc) / 上市公司 |
|---|---|---|
| Sale of shares / 股份出售 | Cannot offer shares to the public / 不得向公众发售股份 | Shares can be sold on a stock exchange / 可在证券交易所出售股份 |
| Minimum share capital / 最低股本 | No legal minimum (often small) / 无法定最低要求（通常较小） | Statutory minimum (e.g. £50,000 in the UK) / 法定最低额（例如英国为50,000英镑） |
| Number of shareholders / 股东人数 | Usually small; often family‑based / 通常较少；多为家族控制 | Potentially thousands of shareholders / 可能拥有数千名股东 |
| Disclosure requirements / 披露要求 | Less stringent; accounts filed but less detail / 较宽松；需提交报表但细节较少 | Strict; must publish full annual reports / 严格；必须发布完整年报 |
| Takeover risk / 被收购风险 | Lower; shares cannot be bought on open market / 较低；股份不能在公开市场被收购 | Higher; vulnerable to hostile takeovers / 较高；易受敌意收购 |
Question: Explain why a large family business might choose to remain an Ltd rather than become a plc. Give two reasons.
问题：解释为什么一个大型家族企业可能选择保持私人有限公司而不是转为上市公司。给出两个理由。
Reason 1: ________
理由1: ________
Reason 2: ________
理由2: ________
4. Franchises and Joint Ventures | 特许经营与合资企业
Read the following statements and identify whether each describes a franchise or a joint venture. Write "Franchise" or "Joint Venture".
阅读以下陈述，判断每条描述的是特许经营还是合资企业。填写 "Franchise" 或 "Joint Venture"。
1. A business pays a royalty fee to use a well‑known brand and its operating system. — ________
1. 一家企业支付特许权使用费以使用一个知名品牌及其运营系统。—— ________
ent countries create a new entity to operate a specific route, sharing costs and revenues. — ________
2. 两家来自不同国家的航空公司成立一个新实体来经营特定航线，分摊成本和收入。—— ________
upport and a detailed business model in exchange for an initial fee and ongoing royalties. — ________
3. 母公司提供培训、营销支持和详细的业务模式，以换取初始费用和持续的特许权使用费。—— ________
4. A technology firm and a manufacturing firm agree to co‑develop a new product for a limited period, after which the collaboration ends. — ________
4. 一家科技公司与一家制造公司同意在有限时间内合作开发一款新产品，合作期满后结束。—— ________
5. Scenario Selection | 情景选择
For each scenario, recommend the most suitable legal structure and justify your choice with two points.
针对每个情景，推荐最合适的法律结构，并用两点理由说明你的选择。
Scenario A: Maria wants to start a small graphic design business on her own, with minimal paperwork and full decision‑making power. She has limited savings but expects low initial risk.
情景A：玛丽亚想独自经营一个小型平面设计业务，希望手续最简化并拥有完全的决策权。她储蓄有限但预计初期风险较低。
Recommendation: ________
建议：________
Justification 1: ________
理由1: ________
Justification 2: ________
理由2: ________
Scenario B: Three friends have developed a new mobile app. They need £200,000 to launch it and want to raise the money by selling shares to a small number of wealthy investors while maintaining control.
情景B：三位朋友开发了一款新手机应用。他们需要20万英镑启动资金，希望通过向少数富有投资者出售股份来筹集资金，同时保持控制权。
Recommendation: ________
建议：________
Justification 1: ________
理由1: ________
Justification 2: ________
理由2: ________
6. Short‑answer Questions | 简短问答题
Answer the following in 2‑3 sentences each.
每道题用2-3句话作答。
1. Define "unlimited liability" and explain how it influences a sole trader's attitude to risk.
1. 定义 "无限责任"，并解释它如何影响个体经营户对风险的态度。
Your answer: ________
你的答案: ________
2. Distinguish between a memorandum of association and articles of association.
2. 区分组织大纲（memorandum of association）和公司章程（articles of association）。
Your answer: ________
你的答案: ________
3. Why might a successful partnership choose to incorporate as a private limited company?
3. 为什么一个成功的合伙企业可能选择注册为私人有限公司？
Your answer: ________
你的答案: ________
7. Calculating Share Capital | 计算股本
A public limited company issues 500,000 ordinary shares with a nominal value of £0.25 each. The shares are sold to investors at a premium of £0.40 per share. Calculate:
一家上市公司发行了50万股面值为0.25英镑的普通股。这些股票以每股溢价0.40英镑的价格出售给投资者。请计算：
a) Total nominal share capital
a) 名义总股本
b) Total amount raised from the share issue (including share premium)
b) 从股票发行中筹集的总金额（含股票溢价）
Write each step clearly and show your working.
请清晰写出每一步并展示计算过程。
Step 1: ________
步骤1: ________
Step 2: ________
步骤2: ________
Total nominal share capital: ________
名义总股本: ________
Total amount raised: ________
筹集总金额: ________
8. Stakeholder Conflicts | 利益相关者冲突
Read the short case:
阅读以下简短案例：
"FreshBite Ltd is a private limited company that produces organic snacks. The directors want to invest £500,000 in a new factory to increase output. The majority of shareholders prefer to maintain high dividend payments and avoid taking on extra debt. Employees are concerned that the investment might lead to redundancies if automation is introduced."
"FreshBite Ltd是一家生产有机零食的私人有限公司。董事们想投资50万英镑建设新工厂以提高产量。多数股东希望保持高股息支付，避免承担额外债务。员工担心如果引入自动化，投资可能导致裁员。"
Identify two potential stakeholder conflicts in this situation. For each, explain why the conflict arises and suggest how it might be resolved.
指出该情况下两个潜在的利益相关者冲突。针对每个冲突，解释冲突为何产生并建议如何解决。
Conflict 1: ________
冲突1: ________
Resolution: ________
解决方法: ________
Conflict 2: ________
冲突2: ________
Resolution: ________
解决方法: ________
9. Exam‑style Essay Question | 考试风格论文题
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a public limited company (plc) compared with a private limited company (Ltd) for a business seeking to expand internationally. [12 marks]
讨论一家希望进行国际扩张的企业相对于私人有限公司，上市公司（plc）的优缺点。[12分]
Plan your response using a table of points, then write a concluding judgement.
请用要点表格规划你的回答，然后写出结论性判断。
10. Model Answers and Explanations | 参考答案与解析
1. Key Terminology Gap Fill
1. 关键术语填空
1. sole trader
1. 个体经营户
2. limited liability
2. 有限责任
3. partnership
3. 合伙企业
4. public limited company
4. 上市公司
5. articles of association
5. 公司章程
6. franchise
6. 特许经营
7. joint venture
7. 合资企业
8. private limited company
8. 私人有限公司
2. Features of Sole Traders and Partnerships
2. 个体经营户与合伙企业的特征
Sole trader advantages: total control, easy to set up.
个体经营户优点：完全控制权，容易设立。
Disadvantages: unlimited liability, limited access to finance.
缺点：无限责任，融资渠道有限。
Partnership advantages: shared expertise, more capital available.
合伙企业优点：共享专业知识，可获得更多资金。
Disadvantages: unlimited liability (for typical partnerships), potential for conflict.
缺点：无限责任（典型合伙制），可能产生争议。
3. Private vs Public Limited Companies
3. 私人有限公司与上市公司比较
Reason 1: To retain family control; in an Ltd shares are not sold on the stock exchange, so unwanted outside influence is minimised.
理由1：保持家族控制；在私人有限公司中，股份不在证券交易所出售，因此外部不当影响降至最低。
Reason 2: Lower disclosure requirements reduce the administrative burden and prevent competitors from seeing sensitive financial information.
理由2：较低的披露要求减轻了行政负担，并防止竞争对手看到敏感的财务信息。
4. Franchises and Joint Ventures
4. 特许经营与合资企业
1. Franchise
1. 特许经营
2. Joint Venture
2. 合资企业
3. Franchise
3. 特许经营
4. Joint Venture
4. 合资企业
5. Scenario Selection
5. 情景选择
Scenario A: Sole trader. Maria values minimal paperwork and full control; a sole trader structure suits her low‑risk, single‑person operation and is easy to establish.
情景A：个体经营户。玛丽亚重视手续最简化和完全控制权；个体经营户结构适合她风险低、单人经营的情况，且易于建立。
Scenario B: Private limited company. The friends can sell shares to a selected group of investors without losing control, and the Ltd offers limited liability, which protects their personal assets.
情景B：私人有限公司。这三位朋友可以向选定的一小群投资者出售
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