📚 Mind Map Quick Memorisation for IB & CIE Physics | IB CIE 物理：思维导图速记
Physics can feel like a mountain of disconnected formulas and definitions, but a mind map approach turns it into a web of logical connections. For IB and CIE candidates, building a single central image for each topic and branching out with key equations, graphs, and real-world links slashes revision time by more than half. This guide walks you through a complete mind-map framework, covering every major syllabus area, so you can memorise efficiently and recall effortlessly under exam pressure.
物理常常让人觉得是一堆互不相关的公式和定义，但用思维导图的方式能把它们变成一张逻辑连接网。对 IB 和 CIE 考生来说，为每个主题建立一张中心图，再分支列出关键方程、图像和现实联系，能将复习时间缩短一半以上。本文带你走完一套完整的思维导图框架，覆盖所有主要考纲领域，让你高效记忆，在考试压力下也能轻松提取。
1. Kinematics & Motion Graphs | 运动学与运动图像
The central node for this topic is simply 'Motion' der the curve gives displacement. A third branch captures projectile motion as the combination of constant horizontal velocity and constant vertical acceleration g = 9.81 m s⁻².
这个主题的中心节点就是“运动”。一个主分支承载匀加速的四个 SUVAT 方程：v = u + at，s = ut + ½at²，v² = u² + 2as，以及 s = ½(u+v)t。另一个分支处理运动图像：对位移-时间图，斜率表示速度；对速度-时间图，斜率表示加速度，曲线下面积表示位移。第三个分支把握抛体运动，它是水平方向匀速与竖直方向恒定加速度 g = 9.81 m s⁻² 的合成。
s = ut + ½at²
2. Forces & Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Draw 'Force' at the centre. From it branch Newton's three laws: 'Law of Inertia' (constant velocity unless net force), 'Fₙₑₜ = ma', and 'Action–Reaction pairs' e mg into parallel (mg sin θ) and perpendicular (mg cos θ) components. The mind map should also link to free-body diagrams as a visual tool for setting up equations.
在中心写下“力”。由此分出牛顿三定律：'惯性定律'（无净外力则速度不变），“Fₙₑₜ = ma”，以及'作用力与反作用力对'。另一个分支汇集最常见的力：重力 W = mg，张力 T，法向反力 N，以及摩擦力 f ≤ μN。对于斜面，将 mg 分解为沿面的 mg sin θ 和垂直于面的 mg cos θ。思维导图还应把受力示意图作为一个视觉工具分支，用于列方程。
Fₙₑₜ = ma
3. Energy, Work & Power | 能量、功与功率
The hub is 'Energy' . Two key branches split into kinetic energy Eₖ = ½mv² and gravitational potential energy Eₚ = mgh. The work– equals change in kinetic energy. Power P = ΔW/Δt and the alternative form P = Fv sit on a 'Power' branch. Another branch reminds you that energy is conserved but can become 'dissipated' as internal energy due to friction. For springs, add elastic potential energy Eₑ = ½kx².
中心是“能量”。两个关键分支分别为动能 Eₖ = ½mv² 和重力势能 Eₚ = mgh。功-能定理将二者连接：净功等于动能的变化。功率 P = ΔW/Δt 及其替代形式 P = Fv 放在“功率”分支上。另一个分支提醒你能量守恒，但可因摩擦'耗散'为内能。对弹簧，加上弹性势能 Eₑ = ½kx²。
4. Momentum & Impulse | 动量与冲量
Place 'Momentum' lisions (kinetic energy conserved) from inelastic collisions (some KE converted). For IB HL and CIE A2, include the equation for relative speed in elastic collisions: v₂ − v₁ = −(u₂ − u₁).
中心放上“动量”。定义分支给出 p = mv，是矢量。冲量分支连接冲量 J = FΔt = Δp。守恒分支至关重要：在碰撞与爆炸中，只要无合外力作用，总动量前后相等。区分弹性碰撞（动能守恒）和非弹性碰撞（部分动能转化）。IB HL 和 CIE A2 还要包含弹性碰撞的相对速度式：v₂ − v₁ = −(u₂ − u₁)。
5. Circular Motion & Gravitation | 圆周运动与万有引力
The mind map starts with 'Circular Motion' The angular branch defines ω = 2π/T, v = ωr. For gravitation, the central force is Newton' ine it with centripetal force for satellites: GMm/r² = mv²/r, leading to orbital speed v = √GM/r. Kepler's third law T² ∝ pped separately for point masses and inside a uniform sphere (only counts material inside radius r).
思维导图从“圆周运动”起始。径向分支：向心加速度 a = v²/r = ω²r，向心力 F = mv²/r = mω²r。角量分支定义 ω = 2π/T，v = ωr。转到万有引力，中心力是牛顿定律：F = GMm/r²。与向心力结合可得卫星运动：GMm/r² = mv²/r，导出轨道速度 v = √GM/r。开普勒第三定律 T² ∝ r³ 放在同一分支。引力场强度 g = GM/r² 可分别画出点质量与均匀球体内外的情况（球内只计半径 r 内的质量）。
6. Thermal Physics | 热物理
Use 'Thermal' ₘT, with average kinetic energy per particle = (3/2)kₘT. A crucial sub-branch shows that p ∝ 1/V at constant T (Boyle), V ∝ T at constant p (Charles), and p ∝ stant V (Gay-Lussac). The first law of thermodynamics ΔU = Q − W sums up energy transfers.
以“热”为中心。一个主分支是温标和绝对零度（−273 °C）。另一个分支处理比热容 Q = mcΔθ 和比潜热 Q = mL。分子动力模型分支将理想气体的压强、体积与温度连接起来：pV = nRT = NkₘT，平均分子动能 = (3/2)kₘT。一个重要的子分支展示 T 不变时 p ∝ 1/V（玻意耳），p 不变时 V ∝ T（查理），V 不变时 p ∝ T（盖-吕萨克）。热力学第一定律 ΔU = Q − W 总结能量传递。
7. Waves & Oscillations | 波与振动
The core is 'Waves'. Branch 1: wave types – transverse and longitudinal. Branch 2: wave equation v = fλ. Branch 3: intensity I ∝ amplitude², and for a spherical wave I ∝ en = (n+½)λ. For standing waves, nodes and antinodes appear at fixed positions. A separate 'Simple Harmonic Motion' ergy interchanging between kinetic and potential. Time period of mass-spring system T = 2π√m/k and pendulum T = 2π√L/g complete the map.
核心是“波”。分支一：波的类型——横波与纵波。分支二：波速方程 v = fλ。分支三：强度 I ∝ 振幅²，球面波 I ∝ 1/r²。分支四将相位差、波程差与叠加联系起来：波程差 = nλ 时相长干涉，= (n+½)λ 时相消干涉。对驻波，波节和波腹位于固定位置。一个独立的“简谐运动”分支给出 a = −ω²x，能量在动能与势能之间转换。弹簧振子周期 T = 2π√m/k 与单摆周期 T = 2π√L/g 完善该图谱。
8. Electricity & Direct Current Circuits | 电学与直流电路
At the centre write 'Electricity'. Branch from it: 'Charge & Current' (I = ΔQ/Δt), 'Potential Difference & EMF' (V = W/Q), 'Resistance & Ohm's Law' + 1/R₂. The power branch contains P = IV = I²R = V²/R. Circuit rules are vital: Kirchhoff' iders and sensor circuits (LDR, thermistor) extend the diagram for practical applications.
中心写上“电学”。由此分支：“电荷与电流” (I = ΔQ/Δt)，“电势差与电动势” (V = W/Q)，“电阻与欧姆定律” (V = IR)。电阻组合形成一个子分支：串联 R = R₁ + R₂，并联 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂。电功率分支包含 P = IV = I²R = V²/R。电路规则至关重要：基尔霍夫电流定律（ΣI 进 = ΣI 出）和电压定律（回路 ΣV = 0）。加上内阻 r：端电压 = ε − Ir。电位分压器和传感器电路（LDR、热敏电阻）延展图示，用于实际应用。
9. Magnetism & Electromagnetic Induction | 磁学与电磁感应
The 'Magnetism' : F = BIL sin θ; on a moving charge: F = Bqv sin θ. For electromagnetic induction, Faraday's law ε = −N ΔΦ/Δt is the trunk. Lenz' ses the flux change. The generator effect and transformer equation Vₚ/Vₛ = Nₚ/Nₛ sit on an 'Applications' branch.
“磁学”思维导图从磁感线开始：磁体外从 N 到 S，载流导线的右手螺旋定则给出直线周围的环形磁场，螺线管产生类似条形磁铁的匀强磁场。载流导线受力：F = BIL sin θ；运动电荷受力：F = Bqv sin θ。电磁感应方面，法拉第定律 ε = −N ΔΦ/Δt 是主干。楞次定律定方向：感应电流阻碍磁通量变化。发电机效应和变压器方程 Vₚ/Vₛ = Nₚ/Nₛ 放在“应用”分支。
10. Atomic, Nuclear & Particle Physics | 原子、核与粒子物理
'Atom' sits at the centre. Branches include: Rutherford' inks A, Z, N with isotope notation. Radioactive decay: activity A = λN, decay law N = N₀e⁻
“原子”居于中心。分支包括：卢瑟福散射实验 → 核式原子；电子处在分立能级；发射与吸收光谱。核结构将 A、Z、N 与同位素符号联系起来。放射性衰变：活度 A = λN，衰变律 N = N₀e⁻
| Radiation | Nature | Penetration | Ionisation |
| α | Helium nucleus | Low | High |
| β⁻ | Fast electron | Medium | Medium |
| γ | EM radiation | High | Low |
11. Quantum & Nuclear Physics (HL) | 量子与核物理提高
For Higher Level and A2 depth, 'Quantum' becomes its own centre. The photoelectric effect branch contains E = hf, the work function Φ, and Einstein's equation hf = Φ + Eₖ max. The wave– hr model for hydrogen and energy level calculations using Eₙ = −13.6/n² eV form a separate 'Atomic Spectra' branch.
对 HL 和 A2 深度内容，“量子”自成中心。光电效应分支包含 E = hf，功函数 Φ，以及爱因斯坦方程 hf = Φ + Eₖ max。波粒二象性分支包括德布罗意波长 λ = h/p。电子衍射证据和不确定原理 ΔxΔp ≥ h/4π 将图景联系起来。在核物理中，要通过统一原子质量单位换算计算质量亏损和结合能 E = Δmc²。玻尔氢原子模型和能级计算 Eₙ = −13.6/n² eV 形成一个独立的“原子光谱”分支。
12. Practical Skills & Data Analysis | 实验技能与数据分析
The final mind map doesn't focus on theory but on 'Experiments' and 'Data'. Branches cover: measurement uncertainties (absolute, fractional, percentage); combining uncertainties for sums/differences (add absolute) and products/quotients (add percentage); systematic vs. random errors. Graph skills branch: linearising equations, finding slope and intercept, drawing best-fit lines and error bars, calculating gradient uncertainty. For IB, a whole branch on 'Internal Assessment' criteria exists; for CIE, practical paper requirements like significant figures, tabulating results, and evaluating limitations. Always link back to reliability and accuracy.
最后这张思维导图关注“实验”与“数据”。分支覆盖：测量不确定度（绝对、相对、百分比）；和差运算中绝对不确定度相加，积商运算中百分比不确定度相加；系统误差与随机误差对比。图像技能分支：方程的线性化，求斜率和截距，绘制最佳拟合线与误差棒，计算斜率不确定度。IB 还有一个完整分支针对“内部评估”标准；CIE 则关注实验卷要求，如有效数字、表格记录与局限性评估。始终联系回可靠性与准确度。
Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图