Pre-U Cambridge German: Grammar Formula Quick Reference | Pre-U Cambridge 德语：公式定理速查手册

📚 Pre-U Cambridge German: Grammar Formula Quick Reference | Pre-U Cambridge 德语：公式定理速查手册

This revision aid casts fundamental German grammar rules as concise 'formulas', enabling efficient memorisation and diagnostic recall for the Pre-U Cambridge German examination. Each section presents a core structural pattern as a symbolic rule, followed by explanatory tables and examples.

本复习手册将德语基础语法规则化为精炼的“公式”，助力高效记忆与诊断式回忆，适用于 Pre-U 剑桥德语考试。每个小节以一个符号化规则呈现核心结构模式，辅以解释性表格和例句。

1. Verb Conjugation in Present Tense | 现在时动词变位

Weak (regular) verbs form the present tense by attaching a fixed set of endings to the unchanged stem.

弱变化（规则）动词通过在不变词干上附加一套固定词尾来构成现在时。

The personal endings are: ich -e, du -st, er/sie/es -t, wir -en, ihr -t, sie/Sie -en.

人称词尾为：ich -e, du -st, er/sie/es -t, wir -en, ihr -t, sie/Sie -en。

If the stem ends in -t, -d, or a consonant cluster such as -chn, -ffn or -gn, an extra -e- is inserted before -st and -t.

如果词干以 -t、-d 结尾，或为 -chn、-ffn、-gn 等辅音簇，则必须在 -st 和 -t 前插入额外的 -e-。

bs often show a stem-vowel change in the second and third person singular (e.g. e → i, a → ä, au → äu).

强变化动词常在单数第二、第三人称发生词干元音变化（如 e → i, a → ä, au → äu）。

V_present = stem (possibly mutated) + [-e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en]

Example paradigm for machen, arbeiten and lesen:

machen、arbeiten 和 lesen 的变位范例：

Highly irregular verbs like sein and haben must be learnt as exceptions.

像 sein 和 haben 这类高度不规则的动词须作为例外单独记忆。

2. Noun Gender and Case Endings | 名词的性与格词尾

Every German noun carries a fixed grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and changes its article and sometimes its ending according to case.

每个德语名词都有固定的语法性（阳性、阴性、中性），其冠词（有时包括词尾）随格发生变化。

The definite article (the) follows a declension pattern that can be summarised as:

定冠词的变格模式可总结为：

Artikel_decl = f(gender, case)

The indefinite article (ein, kein, mein, etc.) follows the same endings but drops them in the nominative masculine/neuter and accusative neuter.

不定冠词（ein, kein, mein 等）遵循相同的词尾，但在阳性/中性第一格和中性第四格中省略词尾。

Plural nouns in the dative add -n unless the plural already ends in -n or -s.

复数名词在第三格时必须加上 -n，除非复数本身已以 -n 或 -s 结尾。

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3. Adjective Declension | 形容词变格

Attributive adjective endings depend on the preceding determiner (der-word, ein-word, or no article) and reflect the noun's gender, case and number.

定语形容词的词尾取决于前面的限定词（der-词、ein-词 或无冠词），并反映名词的性、数、格。

There are three declension tables, often learnt as formulas driven by the determiner type:

有三套变格表，常作为由限定词类型驱动的公式学习：

Adj_end = f(determiner_type, gender, case)

With a definite article (der/die/das), the adjective simply takes -e or -en.

前有定冠词（der/die/das）时，形容词只需加 -e 或 -en。

With an indefinite article/possessive (ein/mein), the adjective signals the missing der-word signal by adopting strong endings in some positions.

前有不定冠词或物主代词时，形容词在某些位置采用强变化词尾，以弥补 der-词缺失的信号。

When no article is present, the adjective fully carries the strong endings.

当没有冠词时，形容词完全负载强变化词尾。

For the indefinite article table, masculine nominative adds -er, neuter nominative/accusative adds -es, etc.

在不定冠词表中，阳性第一格加 -er，中性第一/第四格加 -es，等等。

The no-article table mirrors the strong endings of the definite article itself.

无冠词表则与定冠词的强变化词尾本身一致。

4. Dative and Accusative Object Order | 与格和宾格宾语顺序

When a sentence contains both a dative and an accusative object as nouns, the dative normally precedes the accusative.

当句中同时出现与格和宾格宾语（均为名词）时，与格通常在前，宾格在后。

If both objects are personal pronouns, the accusative pronoun comes first.

如果两个宾语都是人称代词，则宾格代词在前。

Nomen: [Dative_N] + [Accusative_N]