📚 Pre-U Cambridge Biology: Key Terms & Rapid Memory Guide | Pre-U Cambridge 生物：关键术语速记指南
Mastering biology terminology is the foundation of success in the Cambridge Pre-U Biology examination. This guide blends root analysis, mnemonics, and thematic grouping to help you learn, retrieve, and apply key scientific terms with confidence.
掌握生物学术语是剑桥Pre-U生物学考试成功的基础。本指南融合词根分析、助记法和主题归类，帮助你高效学习、回忆并运用关键的科学词汇。
1. The Power of Word Roots in Biology | 词根在生物学中的力量
a- / an-: without or lacking. E.g. anaerobic (without oxygen), anucleate (lacking a nucleus).
a- / an-：无，缺乏。例如厌氧（无氧）、无核（缺核）。
auto-: self. E.g. autotroph (self-feeding), autoimmune (immune against self).
auto-：自身。如自养生物（自我供养）、自身免疫（攻击自身）。
bio-: life. Biology, biochemistry, symbiotic (living together).
bio-：生命。生物学、生物化学、共生。
hyper- / hypo-: above / below normal. Hypertonic (higher solute concentration), hypotonic (lower solute concentration).
hyper- / hypo-：高/低。高渗（高浓度）、低渗（低浓度）。
photo-: light. Photosynthesis, phototropism.
photo-：光。光合作用，向光性。
-philic / -phobic: loving / fearing. Hydrophilic (water loving), hydrophobic (water fearing).
-philic / -phobic：亲/疏。亲水、疏水。
-ase: enzyme. Lactase, DNA polymerase, ATP synthase. Think 'ase' = 'aze' of activity.
-ase：酶。乳糖酶、DNA聚合酶、ATP合酶。记住 'ase' 就像 '活动引擎'。
exo- / endo-: outside / inside. Exocytosis (exit cell), endocytosis (enter cell).
exo- / endo-：外/内。胞吐（出胞），胞吞（入胞）。
mono- / poly-: one / many. Monosaccharide, polysaccharide.
mono- / poly-：单/多。单糖，多糖。
glyco-: sugar. Glycoprotein, glycolysis. The 'glyco' prefix signals a carbohydrate group.
glyco-：糖。糖蛋白、糖酵解。'glyco' 前缀提示有碳水化合物基团。
2. Cell Structure & Organelles Terminology | 细胞结构与细胞器术语
The nucleus (Latin for 'kernel') stores DNA and directs cell activities; think of it as the control centre, like a seed's kernel.
细胞核（拉丁语意为果核）储存DNA并指导细胞活动；如同种子的核心，它是控制中心。
Mitochondrion is the site of aerobic respiration. Its folded inner membrane, the cristae, increases surface area for ATP synthase. Remember 'mighty mitochondria'.
线粒体 (mito=丝，chondrion=颗粒) 是有氧呼吸场所。折叠的内膜嵴增大了ATP合酶的表面积。联想 '强大的线粒体'。
Ribosomes (named for ribosomal RNA's ribose sugar) translate mRNA into protein. They can be free in the cytosol or bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体（因含核糖的RNA得名）将mRNA翻译成蛋白质。分布在细胞质基质或结合在粗面内质网上。
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): 'endo' (inside), 'plasmic' (cytoplasm), 'reticulum' (network). Rough ER studded with ribosomes synthesises proteins; smooth ER synthesises lipids and detoxifies.
内质网：'endo'（内）、'plasmic'（质）、'reticulum'（网）。粗面内质网附着核糖体合成蛋白质；滑面内质网合成脂质并进行解毒。
Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles. Visualise it as a molecular post office labelling and dispatching parcels.
高尔基体修饰、分拣并将蛋白质与脂质包装成囊泡。想象它是一个分子邮局，负责贴标签和发货。
Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes; 'lyso' (loosen/dissolve) + 'some' (body) = breakdown body.
溶酶体是含有水解酶的膜包囊泡；'lyso'（溶解）+ 'some'（体）= 分解体。
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis. The 'chloro' (green) + 'plast' (formed) term reminds you they make food using green pigment.
叶绿体含有叶绿素并进行光合作用。'chloro'（绿）+ 'plast'（质体）提示它们用绿色色素制造养料。
3. Biomolecules & Enzymes Terminology | 生物分子与酶术语
Monosaccharides re simple sugars like glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆). General formula (CH₂O)n for trioses, pentoses, and hexoses.
单糖 (mono=单，saccharide=糖) 是如葡萄糖(C₆H₁₂O₆) 的简单糖。通式(CH₂O)n适用于三碳糖、五碳糖和六碳糖。
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