📚 Pre-U WJEC Biology: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Pre-U WJEC 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering biological vocabulary is not just about memorising words; it is about unlocking the concepts that shape living systems. In Pre-U WJEC Biology, precise terminology allows you to articulate complex ideas, interpret exam questions accurately, and build a deeper understanding. This guide combines etymology, vivid mnemonics, and structural clues to turn intimidating terms into lasting knowledge.
掌握生物词汇不仅在于记住单词，更在于解锁塑造生命系统的核心概念。在 Pre-U WJEC 生物课程中，精确的术语能帮助你清晰表达复杂观点、准确解读考题，并建立更深层次的理解。本指南结合词源学、生动的记忆术和结构线索，把看似艰涩的术语转化为持久记忆。
1. Cellular Components | 细胞组分
Cell membrane – The selectively permeable boundary formed by a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Mnemonic: "Cell Membranes Make Selective entry Possible." Think of "member" gatekeepers that only let friends in.
细胞膜 – 由磷脂双分子层及其镶嵌蛋白质构成的选择性通透屏障。助记：“细膜选择通”，联想到细胞膜像门卫，只允许特定物质进出。
Cytoplasm – The jelly-like fluid filling the cell, composed of cytosol and organelles. Root: "cyto-" means cell, "-plasm" means formed substance. Imagine a plasma TV inside the cell showing all the organelles moving.
细胞质 – 充满细胞的胶状液体，包含胞液和细胞器。词根“cyto-”意为细胞，“-plasm”意为形成物。可想象细胞内部有一台等离子电视，播放着细胞器的流动画面。
Mitochondrion (plural: Mitochondria) – The site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP. Mnemonic: "Mighty Mitochondria Multiply ATP." The inner membrane's folded cristae give it a "mighty" surface area.
线粒体 – 有氧呼吸的场所，产生 ATP。助记：“线粒体能，动力无限”。其内膜折叠成嵴，极大增加了反应面积，像是微型发电厂的涡轮。
Ribosome – A small organelle made of rRNA and protein, the site of translation. Mnemonic: "Ribo- reads RNA and builds body protein." It sounds like "ribosome", a tiny rib that assembles amino acid bones.
核糖体 – 由 rRNA 和蛋白质构成的小型细胞器，为翻译的场所。助记：“核糖体，翻译机”。它可以读作“核糖体，读RNA拼蛋白”。
2. Biological Macromolecules | 生物大分子
Monosaccharide – A single sugar unit, such as glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆). Root: "mono-" one, "sacchar-" sugar. Mnemonic: "One sweet saccharine monomer." Think of a single wrapped candy.
单糖 – 单个糖单元，如葡萄糖（C₆H₁₂O₆）。词根“mono-”单一，“sacchar-”糖。助记：“单一糖块”，想象一颗独立包装的方糖。
Polypeptide – A linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, folding into a protein. "Poly-" many, "peptide" from pepton (digested). Mnemonic: "Many peptides mingle to make a protein pearl."
多肽 – 由氨基酸通过肽键连接而成的线性链，折叠后形成蛋白质。前缀“poly-”许多，“肽”源自消化产物。助记：“多肽珍珠链”，许多肽链缠绕成蛋白质珍珠。
Triglyceride – A lipid composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids. Root: "tri-" three, "glyceride" from glycerol. Visual mnemonic: a glycerol head with three fatty acid tails, like a three-tailed comet storing energy.
甘油三酯 – 由一个甘油和三个脂肪酸构成的脂质。词根“tri-”三，“glyceride”甘油酯。视觉助记：甘油头连三条脂肪酸尾，像蓄能的三尾彗星。
Nucleotide – The monomer of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. Mnemonic: "Nucleo- builds nuclear code; tide flows with sugar, phosphate, and base." Think of the tide bringing three pieces together.
核苷酸 – 核酸的单体，由糖、磷酸基团和含氮碱基组成。助记：“核苷组装码，糖磷酸碱一把抓”。想象潮汐把三种成分冲积在一起。
3. Enzymes and Kinetics | 酶与动力学
Active site – The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds. Mnemonic: "Active like a keyhole; only the shaped key (substrate) fits." Enzyme-substrate complex forms here.
活性位点 – 酶分子上与底物结合的特异区域。助记：“活性位点像锁孔，只有特定形状的底物钥匙才能插入”，形成酶-底物复合物。
Denaturation – yme tertiary structure caused by heat or extreme pH, disrupting the active site. Mnemonic: "Denature = de-nature, the enzyme loses its natural shape." Imagine a cooked egg white changing permanently.
变性 – 高温或极端 pH 导致酶三级结构不可逆破坏，活性位点受损。助记：“变性即改变天性”，想想煮熟的蛋白再也回不到原状。
Kₘ (Michaelis constant) – The substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half Vmax; reflects enzyme-substrate affinity. Low Kₘ means high affinity. Mnemonic: "Kₘ is the Key Measure of affinity – small number, tight hug."
Kₘ（米氏常数） – 反应速率达到最大速率一半时的底物浓度，反映酶对底物的亲和力。Kₘ 小意味着亲和力高。助记：“Kₘ 是亲密的衡量，数值小，拥抱紧”。
4. Membrane Transport | 膜运输
Diffusion – The net passive movement of particles from high to low concentration. Mnemonic: "Diffusion drifts down the hill." No energy, just random movement until equilibrium.
扩散 – 微粒从高浓度区向低浓度区的净被动运动。助记：“扩散下山坡，不需费力做”。随机运动直到平衡。
Osmosis – The net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to lower water potential. Mnemonic: "Osmosis is Only Solvent Moving Into Solute side." Or think of "Osmosis – H₂O crosses".
渗透 – 水分子通过部分透性膜从高水势区向低水势区的净移动。助记：“渗透是水挪窝，水往溶质多处跑”。记住只有水分子在移动。
Active transport – The movement of substances against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins and ATP. Mnemonic: "Active always Ascends; protein pumps pay with ATP."
主动运输 – 利用载体蛋白和 ATP，使物质逆浓度梯度跨膜移动。助记：“主动逆坡爬，载体蛋白 ATP 花”。
Endocytosis / Exocytosis – Bulk transport via vesicles: endo- in, exo- out. Mnemonic: "Endo- enters, Exo- exits." The cell membrane engulfs material or fuses to expel.
内吞作用 / 外排作用 – 通过囊泡进行的批量运输：“内吞进，外排出”。想象细胞膜包裹吞入或融合排出的动态。
5. Cell Division | 细胞分裂
Mitosis – sion producing two genetically identical daughter nuclei, for growth and repair. Mnemonic: "Mi- two-sis, two identical." Stages: Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase. "PMAT" helps recall.
有丝分裂 – 产生两个遗传相同子核的核分裂，用于生长和修复。助记：“有丝分裂，两个一样”。用“前期到末期 PMAT”口诀。
Meiosis – Reduction division producing four genetically varied haploid gametes. Mnemonic: "Meiosis makes Me unique." It involves two divisions and crossing over.
减数分裂 – 产生四个遗传迥异的单倍体配子的减数分裂。助记：“减数分裂，让我独特”。两次分裂和交叉互换创造变异。
Chromatid – One of the two identical copies of a replicated chromosome, joined at the centromere. Mnemonic: "Sister chromatids are Siamese twins – connected until anaphase."
染色单体 – 复制后染色体的一模一样的两份拷贝之一，通过着丝粒相连。助记：“姐妹单体如连体婴，后期才分离”。
6. DNA Replication and Gene Expression | DNA 复制与基因表达
Semi-conservative replication – Each new DNA molecule keeps one original strand and one new strand. Mnemonic: "Semi-conserved – half old, half new, like a mixed tape." Meselson-Stahl experiment confirmed it.
半保留复制 – 每个新 DNA 分子保留一条原链和一条新链。助记：“半留半新，像翻录的磁带留下一半原音”。Meselson-Stahl 实验证明。
Transcription – The synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template. Mnemonic: "Transcription is re-writing the script from DNA to mRNA." RNA polymerase does the job.
转录 – 以 DNA 为模板合成 mRNA 的过程。助记：“转录重抄脚本，DNA 变信使RNA”。RNA 聚合酶主导。
Translation – The decoding of mRNA by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide. Mnemonic: "Translation turns nucleic language (codons) into protein language." Start codon AUG.
翻译 – 核糖体解码 mRNA，将氨基酸组装成多肽的过程。助记：“翻译把核酸语言（密码子）转成蛋白质语言”。起始密码子 AUG。
Codon / Anticodon – A codon is a triplet on mRNA; anticodon is the complementary triplet on tRNA. Mnemonic: "Co- on mRNA, Anti- on tRNA – they kiss with base pairs."
密码子 / 反密码子 – mRNA 上的三联体为密码子，tRNA 上互补的三联体为反密码子。助记：“密码子在信使，反密码子在转运，它们碱基配对亲吻”。
7. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传与遗传规律
Allele – An alternative form of a gene. Mnemonic: "Allele = alternative letter in the genetic alphabet." For instance, allele T and t for plant height.
等位基因 – 基因的替代形式。助记：“等位基因是遗传字母的异写”。如控制株高的等位基因 T 与 t。
Homozygous / Heterozygous – Homo- means same alleles (TT or tt); Hetero- means different (Tt). Mnemonic: "Homo = same like homonym; Hetero = different like heterodox."
纯合子 / 杂合子 – 相同等位基因（TT 或 tt）为纯合；不同（Tt）为杂合。助记：“纯合相同，杂合不同”。
Phenotype / Genotype – Phenotype is the physical expression; genotype is the genetic makeup. Mnemonic: "Phenotype = Physical; Genotype = Genetic code." Even if genotype is Tt, phenotype is tall.
表型 / 基因型 – 表型是外在表现，基因型是遗传构成。助记：“表型看外表，基因型看密码”。基因型 Tt 可能表现为高茎。
Epistasis – The interaction where one gene masks the expression of another. Mnemonic: "Epistasis – one gene stands above and silences." Often in coat colour inheritance, e.g., Labradors.
上位效应 – 一个基因掩盖另一基因表达的现象。助记：“上位上位，一基因压倒另一基因”。拉布拉多犬毛色遗传常见上位。
8. Ecology and Energy Flow | 生态与能量流动
Niche – The role and position an organism occupies in its ecosystem, including all interactions. Mnemonic: "Niche is like Nature's job description." No two species can occupy exactly the same niche indefinitely.
生态位 – 生物在生态系统中的角色与地位，包含所有相互作用。助记：“生态位是大自然分配的岗位说明书”。竞争排斥原理限制完全相同生态位。
Trophic level – feeding stage in a food chain: producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer. Mnemonic: "Trophic means trophic = eating; levels like steps of a pyramid." Energy decreases.
营养级 – 食物链中的每一取食级别：生产者→初级消费者→次级消费者。助记：“营养乃摄食，层级金字塔”。能量逐级递减。
Biomass – The total dry mass of living material in a given area or trophic level. Mnemonic: "Bio-mass = life-mass." Pyramid of biomass can be inverted in aquatic ecosystems.
生物量 – 特定区域或营养级中活生物体的总干重。助记：“生物量即生命的重量”。水生生态系统的生物量金字塔可能倒置。
Succession – The directional change in species composition over time. Primary succession begins on bare rock. Mnemonic: "Succession – species succeed one another like relay runners."
演替 – 物种组成随时间的定向变化。原生演替始于裸岩。助记：“演替是物种接力赛跑，一个接一个”。
9. Human Physiology: Gas Exchange and Circulation | 人体生理：气体交换与循环
Alveoli (sing. Alveolus) – Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Mnemonic: "Alveoli are like grape clusters, huge surface for O₂ and CO₂ swap." Thin walls and rich capillary network.
肺泡 – 肺中微小的气囊，是气体交换的部位。助记：“肺泡似葡萄，壁薄血管绕，O₂ 进来 CO₂ 跑”。
Haemoglobin – The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen. Mnemonic: "Haemo- (blood) + globin (globe protein); it's the oxygen globes in blood." Oxyhaemoglobin is bright red.
血红蛋白 – 红细胞中含铁的携氧蛋白质。助记：“血红（haemo-）球（globin）蛋白，血中氧球”。氧合血红蛋白呈鲜红色。
Cardiac cycle – nce of events in one heartbeat: atrial systole → ventricular systole → diastole. Mnemonic: "Heart's lub-dub rhythm: systole squirts, diastole fills." Remember the AV and semilunar valves.
心动周期 – 一次心跳的事件序列：心房收缩→心室收缩→舒张。助记：“心脏‘咚哒’节奏：收缩射血，舒张灌血”。要记住房室瓣与半月瓣的开闭。
10. Plant Biology | 植物生物学
Photosynthesis – e from CO₂ and H₂O, releasing O₂. Overall equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Mnemonic: "Photo-synthesis = light putting together." Remember the two stages: light-dependent and Calvin cycle.
光合作用 – 利用光能将 CO₂ 和 H₂O 合成葡萄糖并释放 O₂ 的过程。总反应式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。助记：“光合成，光来拼”。记住光反应和卡尔文循环。
Chloroplast – The organelle containing chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place. Root: "chloro-" green, "plast" body. Mnemonic: "Chloroplast is the green solar panel with thylakoid stacks."
叶绿体 – 含叶绿素、进行光合作用的细胞器。词根“chloro-”绿，“plast”体。助记：“叶绿体是绿色太阳能板，内含基粒叠叠”。
Xylem / Phloem – ransports water and minerals upward; phloem translocates sugars bidirectionally. Mnemonic: "Xylem moves the X-tra (water) to the top; Phloem flows the food from leaves." Think of "phloem = food flow".
木质部 / 韧皮部 – 木质部向上运输水和矿物质；韧皮部双向输送糖类。助记：“木质拉水，韧皮送食”。可联想“韧皮”含“韧”字，与韧糖同音？干脆记“phloem 似 food flow”。
Transpiration – The evaporation of water from the leaves creating a pull for xylem transport. Mnemonic: "Transpiration is the tree's perspiration." It's driven by the cohesion-tension theory.
蒸腾作用 – 叶片水分蒸发产生拉力，驱动木质部运输。助记：“蒸腾如植物流汗”。内聚力-张力理论解释这一过程。
11. Quick Tips for Memorising Terminology | 术语速记技巧总汇
Break down roots: Isolate prefixes and suffixes such as "photo-" (light), "hydro-" (water), "lysis" (splitting), and "genesis" (origin). Recognising these roots turns unfamiliar words into logical combinations.
拆分词根: 分离前缀后缀如 "photo-" 光、"hydro-" 水、"lysis" 分解、"genesis" 起源。辨别这些词根能让陌生词汇变成逻辑组合。
Use visual stories: Link terms to vivid images. For "phagocytosis", imagine a cell as a Pac-Man engulfing bacteria. The more extravagant the image, the stronger the recall.
使用视觉故事: 将术语与生动画面挂钩。比如“吞噬作用”(phagocytosis) 想象细胞像吃豆人吞掉细菌。画面越夸张，记忆越深刻。
Create mnemonics and rhymes: Acronyms like "PMAT" for mitosis phases or a rhyme "Osmosis is only water motion" simplify recall. Personalising them makes them stick.
编创助记与押韵: 用缩写如“PMAT”记有丝分裂阶段，或编顺口溜“渗透是水挪窝”。使其个人化更容易记住。
Apply active recall and spaced repetition: Regularly test yourself using flashcards, saying the term and definition aloud. Pre-U questions often require precise spelling and usage, so consistent revisiting cements memory.
主动回忆与间隔重复: 定期用闪卡自测，大声说出术语及其定义。Pre-U 考试通常要求拼写准确和用法得当，反复回顾能巩固记忆。
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