📚 Pre-U AQA Statistics: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Pre-U AQA 统计：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering statistical vocabulary is the first step to excelling in Pre-U AQA Statistics. This bilingual guide provides a quick-reference list of essential terms, paired with Chinese translations and memorisation tips. By drilling these definitions, you will strengthen your ability to read exam questions accurately and articulate your reasoning clearly.
掌握统计词汇是在 Pre-U AQA 统计中取得优异成绩的第一步。本双语指南提供核心术语的快速参考，并配有中文翻译与记忆窍门。通过反复练习这些定义，你将能更准确地理解考题、更清晰地阐明推理。
1. Populations, Samples and Sampling Methods | 总体、样本与抽样方法
Population: The entire collection of individuals, items, or events about which we wish to draw conclusions.
总体：我们希望得出结论的全部个体、项目或事件的集合。
Sample: A subset of the population selected to be representative of the whole group, making data collection manageable.
样本：为便于数据收集而选出的能代表整个总体的一个子集。
Sampling frame: A complete list of all members of the population from which a sample can be drawn. Gaps in the frame create undercoverage.
抽样框：总体所有成员的一份完整清单，样本可从中抽取。抽样框的缺口会造成覆盖不足。
Random sampling: A method where every individual has an equal chance of selection. Common designs include simple random, stratified (divided into strata), systematic (every kth item), and cluster sampling (random groups).
随机抽样：每个个体都有相同被选中机会的方法。常见设计有简单随机抽样、分层抽样（分为层）、系统抽样（每隔 k 个）和整群抽样（随机抽取组）。
Census: An attempt to collect data from every member of the population, often costly or impossible.
普查：尝试从总体每个成员收集数据，通常成本高昂或不可行。
Parameter: A fixed numerical measure describing a population, e.g. population mean μ. 'P for Parameter, P for Population.'
参数：描述总体的固定数值度量，如总体均值 μ。“参数对应总体”。
Statistic: A numerical measure calculated from a sample, used to estimate a parameter, e.g. sample mean x̄. 'S for Statistic, S for Sample.'
统计量：由样本计算出的数值度量，用于估计参数，如样本均值 x̄。“统计量对应样本”。
2. Types of Data and Variables | 数据类型与变量
Qualitative (categorical) data: Non-numerical descriptors like eye colour or blood type. These are often summarised by frequencies or proportions.
定性（分类）数据：非数值的描述，如眼睛颜色或血型。常用频数或比例来汇总。
Quantitative data: Numerical information obtained by counting (discrete) or measuring (continuous).
定量数据：通过计数（离散）或测量（连续）获得的数值信息。
Discrete variable: Takes distinct, separate values, often integers (e.g. number of cars in a household).
离散变量：取不连续、分离的值，常为整数（如家庭车辆数）。
Continuous variable: Can take any value within an interval (e.g. time, length, mass). Measured to a certain precision.
连续变量：在一个区间内可取任何值（如时间、长度、质量）。测量至某一精度。
Explanatory variable (independent): The variable that is changed or controlled in an investigation to test its effect on the response variable.
解释变量（独立变量）：在研究中被操纵或控制的变量，用以检验其对反应变量的影响。
Response variable (dependent): The outcome variable that is measured; its changes may be caused by the explanatory variable.
反应变量（依赖变量）：
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