📚 Pre-U AQA Computer Science: Quick Glossary and Memory Guide | Pre-U AQA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to the Pre-U AQA Computer Science quick glossary and memory guide. This article presents essential terminology paired with definitions and memory aids to help you internalise key concepts efficiently. Each term is explained in English first, followed by a concise Chinese translation and a mnemonic or association. Revising with these deliberate pairings will strengthen your technical vocabulary and prepare you for exam-style questions that demand precise definitions.
欢迎阅读 Pre-U AQA 计算机科学词汇速记指南。本文提供核心术语的定义与记忆技巧，帮助您高效内化关键概念。每个术语均先以英文解释，后附中文释义及助记联想。通过刻意练习这些双语配对，您将巩固专业词汇，从容应对考试中要求精确表述的题目。
1. Core Principles | 核心原理
Algorithm — A finite sequence of well-defined, unambiguous steps designed to solve a specific problem or carry out a computation. An algorithm must terminate and produce correct output for all valid inputs.
算法 — 一系列有限、定义清晰的明确步骤，旨在解决特定问题或执行计算。算法必须能终止并为所有有效输入生成正确输出。记忆：就像精确的乐高搭建说明，跳步或错序都会导致失败。
Abstraction — The process of removing unnecessary details from a problem or system so that one can focus on the essential features. Abstraction enables programmers to manage complexity by building layers of simplified models.
抽象化 — 从问题或系统中剥离不必要细节，从而聚焦于本质特征的过程。抽象化通过构建层层简化的模型帮助程序员驾驭复杂性。记忆：驾驶时只关注方向盘、油门和刹车，而不必知道引擎内每一根管线。
Decomposition — Breaking down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts that can be solved individually. Each part can then be integrated to form a complete solution.
分解 — 将复杂问题拆解为更小、更易操控的部分，以便分别求解。各部分随后可整合为完整方案。记忆：像拼图游戏，先把边角找出来，再填充内部。
Pattern Recognition — Identifying similarities or recurring trends within problems or data sets. Recognising patterns allows reuse of existing solutions and efficient algorithm design.
模式识别 — 发现题目或数据中存在的相似性或反复出现的特征。识别模式能够复用已有解法并设计高效算法。记忆：注意到循环小数总是重复固定数字段，即可直接推断后续位。
2. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary — A base‑2 number system using only the digits 0 and 1. Computers use binary to represent all forms of data because digital circuits have two stable states (on/off).
二进制 — 仅使用数字 0 和 1 的基2记数系统。计算机依靠二进制表示各种数据，因为数字电路存在两种稳定状态（开/关）。记忆：像灯的开关，只有亮与灭两种状态。
Hexadecimal — A base‑16 system representing values with digits 0–9 and letters A–F. It provides a more compact and human‑readable notation for binary, as one hex digit corresponds to four bits (a nibble).
十六进制 — 用数字 0–9 及字母 A–F 表示数值的基16系统。它为二进制提供了更紧凑、更易读的写法，一位十六进制恰好对应四位二进制（半字节）。记忆：颜色码 #FF5733 本质上就是一串十六进制数，比长串二进制好记多了。
Overflow — An error that occurs when the result of an arithmetic operation exceeds the number of bits allocated to store it. For example, adding two 8‑bit numbers may produce a 9‑bit result that cannot be held.
溢出 — 运算结果超出所分配比特位数时发生的错误。例如，两个8位二进制数相加可能产生9位结果而无法存储。记忆：水杯只能装固定容量的水；过量就会溢出。
Character Encoding (ASCII / Unicode) — A mapping from characters (letters, digits, symbols) to binary codes. ASCII uses 7 bits (128 characters), while Unicode supports a much larger repertoire to cover global scripts and emojis.
字符编码（ASCII / Unicode） — 将字符（字母、数字、符号）映射为二进制码的规则。ASCII 使用7位编码（128个字符），Unicode 支持远大得多的字符集以涵盖全球文字和表情符号。记忆：把字典里的每个字赋予一个独一无二的数字编号，计算机便依编号存取。
3. Computer Architecture | 计算机体系结构
CPU Components (CU, ALU, Registers) — The central processing unit comprises the Control Unit (CU) that orchestrates instruction execution, the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) that performs calculations, and a set of fast storage locations called registers (e.g., PC, MAR, MDR, Accumulator).
CPU 组件（控制单元、算术逻辑单元、寄存器） — 中央处理器由指挥指令执行的控制单元 (CU)、承担计算任务的算术逻辑单元 (ALU) 以及一组名为寄存器的高速存储位置（如程序计数器、存储器地址寄存器、存储器数据寄存器、累加器）组成。记忆：CU 是乐队指挥，ALU 是小提琴手，寄存器就是他们面前的谱架。
Fetch‑Decode‑Execute Cycle — The fundamental operational loop of a CPU: Fetch the next instruction from memory, Decode it to determine the required actions, and Execute the instruction. This cycle repeats billions of times per second.
取指‑译码‑执行周期 — CPU 的基本操作循环：从内存取下一条指令（取指），译码以确定所需动作（译码），然后执行指令（执行）。每秒重复数十亿次。记忆：像流水线工人取零件、看图纸、装产品，永不停歇。
Von Neumann Architecture — A stored‑program concept where both instructions and data share the same memory space and bus system. This design underpins most modern computers but can suffer from the 'Von Neumann bottleneck' due to shared buses.
冯·诺依曼体系结构 — 一种存储程序概念，指令和数据共用同一内存空间和总线系统。这一设计是现代计算机的基础，但共享总线可能导致“冯·诺依曼瓶颈”。记忆：就像一条单车道，数据和指令轮流通过，速度受限。
Cache Memory — A small, high‑speed memory located close to the CPU that stores frequently accessed data and instructions. Caches reduce the average time to access memory and significantly boost performance.
高速缓存 — 靠近 CPU 的小容量高速存储器，存放频繁访问的数据和指令。缓存缩短了平均访存时间，显著提升性能。记忆：把常用书放在手边桌上，而不是每次都去书柜取。
4. Operating Systems | 操作系统
Kernel — The core component of an operating system that manages the system's resources, including memory, processor time, and I/O devices. The kernel runs in a privileged mode and has direct hardware control.
内核 — 操作系统的核心部件，负责管理系统资源，包括内存、处理器时间和输入/输出设备。内核运行在特权模式下，直接控制硬件。记忆：果核护住果肉，内核守护着所有应用软件的正常运转。
Multitasking (Scheduling) — The OS technique that allows multiple processes to share a single CPU by rapidly switching between them. The scheduler determines which process runs next, often using algorithms like round‑robin or priority scheduling.
多任务（调度） — 操作系统通过快速切换进程，令多个进程共享单一 CPU 的技术。调度器决定下一个运行的进程，常采用轮回法或优先级调度等算法。记忆：多个病人挂号看诊，医生按号叫入，每人看一小会儿，仿佛同时在治。
Paging & Virtual Memory — A memory management scheme where the logical address space is divided into fixed‑size pages, and physical memory is split into frames. Virtual memory allows execution of programs that are larger than physical RAM by swapping pages to and from disk.
分页与虚拟内存 — 一种内存管理方案，将逻辑地址空间划分为固定大小的页，物理内存划分为帧。虚拟内存通过将页换入换出磁盘，使得运行大于物理 RAM 的程序成为可能。记忆：把课本内容分成一页页，桌面上只能放几页，其余暂存书包，随用随取。
Interrupt — A signal sent by hardware or software to the processor requesting immediate attention. The CPU pauses its current task, saves its state, and executes an interrupt service routine (ISR) before resuming.
中断 — 由硬件或软件发给处理器的信号，请求立即处理。CPU 暂停当前任务、保存状态，执行中断服务程序 (ISR) 后再恢复。记忆：老师讲课时学生举手发问，老师
Published by TutorHao | Pre-U Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图