📚 KS3 CAIE Chinese: Essential Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference | KS3 CAIE 中文：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook is designed for KS3 CAIE Chinese learners. It presents core grammar patterns and language rules as easy-to-follow 'formulas' and 'theorems', helping you build sentences accurately and confidently. Use these structures as your revision toolbox.
本速查手册专为 KS3 CAIE 中文学习者设计。它将核心语法规律和语言规则以清晰易记的“公式”和“定理”形式呈现，帮助你准确、自信地构建句子。请把这些结构当作你的复习工具箱来使用。
1. Basic Sentence Order | 基本语序公式
Chinese sentences follow a fixed Subject–Verb–Object pattern. Adverbials of time and place usually appear before the verb. Mastering this formula prevents word‑order mistakes.
中文句子遵循固定的“主语-动词-宾语”语序。时间和地点状语通常出现在动词之前。掌握这个公式可以避免语序错误。
S + Time + Place + V + O
- I go to school every day. → 我每天去学校。 (wǒ měitiān qù xuéxiào)
- She reads books in the library on weekends. → 她周末在图书馆看书。
2. The ‘Shì’ Equation | “是”字定理
The verb 是 (shì) connects two noun phrases and is equivalent to the equals sign in an equation. It does not change for plural or tense.
动词“是”连接两个名词短语，相当于数学中的等号。它不因复数或时态而变化。
NP₁ + 是 + NP₂
- He is a student. → 他是学生。
- These are my books. → 这些是我的书。
Never place an adjective directly after 是 unless it is followed by 的. 是…的 is a separate focus structure.
切勿将形容词直接放在“是”后面，除非后面带有“的”。“是……的”是一个独立的强调结构。
3. Negation Laws | 否定定律
Two main negation words are 不 (bù) and 没 (méi). 不 is used for general negation and habitual actions; 没 negates past actions and the verb 有 (to have).
两个主要的否定词是“不”和“没”。“不”用于一般否定和习惯性动作；“没”否定过去的动作以及动词“有”。
不 + V/Adj (general) 没 + V (past) 没 + 有
| 我不喜欢吃鱼。 (I don’t like eating fish.) | 我没吃鱼。 (I didn’t eat fish.) |
| 他不高。 (He is not tall.) | 我没有钱。 (I don’t have money.) |
4. Yes‑No Question Theorem | 疑问句定理
Add the particle 吗 (ma) to the end of a statement to form a yes‑no question. Use 呢 (ne) for follow‑up questions and 吧 (ba) for suggestions or assumptions.
在陈述句末尾添加语气词“吗”构成是非疑问句。用“呢”表示承接上文提问，用“吧”表示建议或推测。
Statement + 吗？
- 你是老师吗？ (Are you a teacher?)
- 妈妈呢？ (What about Mum?)
5. Measure Word Formula | 量词公式
Numerals and demonstratives cannot directly modify a noun; a measure word (MW) must sit between them. The generic measure word is 个 (gè), but specific nouns use dedicated measure words.
数词和指示代词不能直接修饰名词，必须在中间加量词。通用量词是“个”，但特定名词有专属量词。
Numeral/Demonstrative + MW + Noun
| 一个人 (one person) | 三本书 (three books) |
| 这支笔 (this pen) | 那条狗 (that dog) |
6. Adjective Linking Formula | 形容词连接公式
Adjectives can function as predicates without 是. To link an adjective to a noun as a modifier, insert 的. The adverbialiser 地 (de) attaches adjectives to verbs.
形容词可以直接作谓语，不需要“是”。将形容词作为定语修饰名词时，插入“的”。状语标志“地”将形容词连接到动词上。
Adj + 的 + Noun Adj + 地 + Verb
- 漂亮的花 (beautiful flower)
- 慢慢地走 (walk slowly)
7. Prepositional Phrase Placement | 介词短语定位律
Prepositions like 在 (at/in), 从 (from), 到 (to) and 跟 (with) form phrases that come before the main verb, never after it as in English.
介词如“在、从、到、跟”构成的短语要放在主要动词之前，绝不后置，这与英语不同。
S + 在/从/跟 + Place/Person + V
- 我在学校学习。 (I study at school.)
- 她从中国来。 (She comes from China.)
8. Aspect Markers Theorem | 动态助词定理
Chinese uses aspect particles to indicate action states: 了 (le) for completion, 过 (guo) for experience, and 正在 (zhèngzài) or 在 for ongoing actions. These are not tenses but ways of viewing the action.
中文用动态助词表示动作的状态：“了”表示完成，“过”表示经历，“正在”或“在”表示进行。它们不是时态，而是观察动作的方式。
V + 了 (completed) V + 过 (experienced) 正在 + V (ongoing)
- 我吃了饭。 (I’ve eaten.)
- 我去过北京。 (I have been to Beijing.)
- 他正在看电视。 (He is watching TV.)
9. Comparison Theorem | 比较句定理
To compare two things, use 比 (bǐ). The structure places the quality after the second noun. To negate, use 没有 or 不比 with a different nuance.
比较两个事物用“比”字句。比较结果放在第二个名词之后。否定形式用“没有”（客观）或“不比”（反驳语气）。
A + 比 + B + Adjective
- 我比他高。 (I am taller than him.)
- 这个比那个贵。 (This is more expensive than that.)
- 她没有我快。 (She is not as fast as me.)
10. Modal Verb Principles | 能愿动词原理
Modal verbs like 可以 (kěyǐ – permission), 会 (huì – learned ability/future), 能 (néng – physical ability) and 想 (xiǎng – desire) precede the main verb. They are negated with 不.
能愿动词如“可以”（许可）、“会”（习得的能力/将来）、“能”（能力）和“想”（愿望）放在主要动词之前，用“不”否定。
S + Modal Verb + V + O
| 可以进来 (may come in) | 会说中文 (can speak Chinese) |
| 能游泳 (able to swim) | 想喝水 (want to drink water) |
11. Conjunction Couples | 关联词搭配定理
Many Chinese conjunctions appear in fixed pairs. The ‘because… so…’ pair (因为…所以…) and ‘although… but…’ (虽然…但是…) must be used together, even though in English only one is needed.
许多中文关联词是固定搭配。“因为……所以……”和“虽然……但是……”必须成对使用，而在英语中通常只用一个。
因为 + Cause + 所以 + Result 虽然 + Concession + 但是 + Contrast
- 因为我生病了，所以没去上学。 (Because I was ill, I didn’t go to school.)
- 虽然他很小，但是很懂事。 (Although he is young, he is very sensible.)
12. Time–Place–Manner Hierarchy | 时地状层层定理
When multiple adverbials appear in one sentence, Chinese orders them from larger scope to smaller: time, then place, then manner. This ‘time–place–manner’ sequence is a survival rule for clarity.
当一个句子中出现多个状语时，中文从大范围到小范围排列：时间、地点、方式。这条“时间-地点-方式”顺序规则是保证清晰的关键。
S + Time + Place + Manner + V + O
- 我每天早上在公园慢慢地跑步。 (Every morning I jog slowly in the park.)
- 她昨天在学校认真地考试。 (She took the test carefully at school yesterday.)
Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com
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