📚 Mastering PH05 Experimental Investigations: 2016 Specimen Paper Case Study | PH05实验探究高分攻略：以2016年样卷为例
The experimental investigation in A-Level Physics Unit 5 (PH05) tests your ability to plan, execute, and analyse a scientific enquiry. The 2016 International A-Level Physics specimen paper (version 2) includes a classic pendulum experiment that asks you to determine the acceleration due to gravity, g. Mastering this task not only secures marks on PH05 but also builds skills for university-level lab work. This article breaks down the question step by step, showing how to structure a top-band response.
在A-Level物理单元5（PH05）中，实验探究题考察你设计、实施和分析科学探究的能力。2016年国际A-Level物理样卷（版本2）中包含了一个经典的单摆实验，要求测定重力加速度g。掌握这道题不仅能确保你在PH05中得分，还能为大学实验课奠定基础。本文将逐步拆解这道题目，展示如何组织一份高分答案。
1. Analysing the Question and Mark Allocation | 分析题目与分值分配
topwatch. The task is to design an experiment to determine g using the relationship T = 2π√L/g. You must identify variables, outline a procedure, draw a results table, describe a graph, calculate g, and discuss uncertainties. The marking scheme rewards clarity, logical sequencing, and understanding of error analysis.
样卷题目给出了一个情境：一名学生获得了摆球、细线、铁架台、米尺和秒表。任务是设计一个利用关系式T = 2π√L/g测定g的实验。你需要确定变量、概述步骤、绘制数据表、描述图像、计算g并讨论不确定度。评分方案奖励清晰的表达、逻辑顺序以及对误差分析的掌握。
2. Defining the Independent, Dependent and Control Variables | 确定自变量、因变量和控制变量
The independent variable is the pendulum length L, measured from the point of suspension to the centre of the bob. The dependent variable is the period T, which you find by timing, say, 10 complete oscillations and dividing by 10. Control variables include the amplitude (keeping the initial swing angle small, less than 10°, so the small-angle approximation holds), the mass of the bob (constant), and the location (no draughts, stable support). List these clearly in the plan.
自变量是摆长L，测量从悬点到摆球中心的距离。因变量是周期T，可计时10个全振动然后除以10得到。控制变量包括振幅（保持初始摆角小于10°，使小角度近似成立）、摆球质量（不变）以及实验地点（无气流，支架稳定）。在计划中清晰列出这些变量。
3. Step-by-Step Experimental Procedure | 分步实验步骤
1. Set up the clamp stand and securely attach the string to the clamp so that it hangs freely. Measure L from the centre of the bob to the suspension point with the metre rule; make sure the rule is vertical and read at eye level to avoid parallax error. 2. Re-measure L three times, rotating the bob slightly each time, and record the mean L. 3. Displace the bob by a small angle (around 5°) and release. 4. Start the stopwatch as the bob passes through its equilibrium position; time 10 complete oscillations, and repeat twice more. 5. Record all timings in a prepared table. 6. Increase L by approximately 0.2 m, repeating the whole procedure for at least six different lengths.
1. 安装铁架台，将细绳牢固地系在夹子上使其自由下垂。用米尺测量从摆球中心到悬点的L；确保尺子竖直，并与眼睛平齐读数以避免视差。2. 重复测量L三次，每次轻微转动摆球，记录平均L。3. 让摆球偏离一个小角度（约5°）后释放。4. 当摆球经过平衡位置时启动秒表；计时10个全振动，再重复两次。5. 将所有计时数据记录在预先准备的表格中。6. 大约每次增加0.2 m摆长，对至少六种不同长度重复整个步骤。
4. Designing a Results Table with Correct Headings | 设计标题正确的数据表格
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