📚 KS3 Cambridge History: Key Vocabulary and Terms Quick Guide | KS3 Cambridge 历史：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key historical terms is essential for success in KS3 Cambridge History. This quick guide provides clear definitions of essential vocabulary, covering topics such as chronology, sources, empires, and revolutions. Use it to build a solid historical foundation and improve your exam confidence.
掌握关键历史术语是学好KS3剑桥历史的基础。这份速记指南清晰解释了年代学、史料、帝国、革命等重要主题的核心词汇。用它来夯实你的历史知识根基，提升考试信心。
1. What is History? Key Concepts | 什么是历史？核心概念
Grasping these foundational concepts helps you think like a historian.
掌握这些基础概念有助于你像历史学家一样思考。
Timeline – a line showing the order of events over time, usually with dates.
时间轴 – 一条展示事件发生时间顺序的线，通常标注日期。
Chronology – the arrangement of events in the order they occurred.
年代学 – 按事件发生的实际顺序进行排列。
Anachronism – something placed in the wrong time period, e.g. a mobile phone in a Tudor painting.
时代错误 – 被错误地放在某个历史时期的事物，例如都铎王朝画作中出现手机。
Century – a period of 100 years. The 16th century covers 1501–1600.
世纪 – 100年的时期。16世纪涵盖1501年至1600年。
Decade – a period of 10 years.
十年 – 10年的时期。
BC / AD – Before Christ and Anno Domini (in the year of our Lord). Used with traditional dating.
公元前 / 公元 – 分别指基督诞生前和主的年份，用于传统纪年。
BCE / CE – Before Common Era and Common Era. Neutral alternatives to BC/AD.
公元前 / 公元（公元纪元） – 公共纪元前和公共纪元，比BC/AD更中性的说法。
Period – a block of time with distinctive features, e.g. the Tudor period.
时期 – 具有显著特征的一段时间，如都铎时期。
Era – a long and distinct period of history, such as the Medieval era.
时代 – 一段漫长而独特的历史阶段，例如中世纪时代。
2. Sources and Evidence | 史料与证据
Historians build their accounts using different types of evidence. These terms describe the raw materials of history.
历史学家利用不同类型的证据构建叙述。这些术语描述的是历史的原始材料。
Primary source – an original record from the time being studied, e.g. a diary, photograph, or artefact.
一手史料 – 来自被研究时代的原始记录，如日记、照片或文物。
Secondary source – something created after the time, often by historians, e.g. a textbook or documentary.
二手史料 – 时代结束后创作的材料，通常由历史学家完成，如教科书或纪录片。
Artefact – an object made or used by people in the past, such as tools or jewellery.
人工制品 – 过去人类制造或使用的物品，例如工具或珠宝。
Document – a written or printed record, like a letter, charter, or census return.
文献 – 书面或印刷的记录，如信件、特许状或人口普查表。
Oral history – spoken accounts of the past, passed down or recorded in interviews.
口述历史 – 通过口头流传或访谈记录下来的对过去的讲述。
Archive – a collection of historical documents and records, often kept in a library or museum.
档案 – 保存在图书馆或博物馆中的历史文件和记录的总汇。
Manuscript – a document written by hand, especially from before the age of printing.
手稿 – 手工书写的文件，尤其指印刷术普及之前的作品。
Evidence – information that supports or challenges a historical argument.
证据 – 支持或质疑某个历史论点的事实资料。
3. Analysing Sources | 分析史料
It is not enough to find a source; you must also evaluate it. These terms help you judge reliability and usefulness.
找到史料还不够，你还需要对它进行评价。以下术语能帮助你判断可靠性和有用性。
Bias – a one-sided or unbalanced viewpoint, often in favour of a particular group or idea.
偏见 – 一种倾向某一方的不平衡观点，常常偏袒特定群体或思想。
Reliability – how trustworthy a source is. A reliable source is accurate and consistent with other evidence.
可靠性 – 史料的可信程度。可靠的史料准确且与其他证据吻合。
Usefulness – how helpful a source is in answering a historical question, even if it is biased.
有用性 – 史料在回答历史问题时的帮助程度，即使带有偏见也可能有用。
Perspective – the point of view from which a source is created; shaped by social position, beliefs, and context.
视角 – 史料创作的出发点；受社会地位、信仰和时代背景影响。
Interpretation – an explanation or way of understanding past events; different historians may offer different interpretations.
解释 – 对历史事件的一种说明或理解方式；不同史学家可能给出不同解释。
Provenance – the origin or source of a document; who made it, when, and why.
出处 – 文件的来源；包括制作者、制作时间和制作原因。
Cross-reference – comparing one source with others to check facts.
交叉比对 – 将一份史料与其他史料进行比较，以核对事实。
Corroboration – when two or more sources agree and support each other.
相互印证 – 当两份或多份史料内容一致、彼此支持时的情况。
4. Change and Continuity | 变迁与延续
History is about detecting patterns. Some things change dramatically, while others stay remarkably similar over time.
历史关乎发现规律。有些事物变化剧烈，而另一些则在漫长岁月里惊人地相似。
Change – when something becomes different from what it was before; can be rapid or gradual.
变迁 – 事物与以往变得不同；可能是迅速发生，也可能是渐进的。
Continuity – things that stay the same over a period of time, such as traditions or social structures.
延续 – 在一段时间内保持不变的事物，例如传统或社会结构。
Progress – positive change leading to improvements, such as better medicine.
进步 – 导致改善的积极变化，例如更先进的医学。
Decline – a gradual loss of strength, quality, or importance.
衰退 – 力量、质量或重要性的逐步丧失。
Turning point – an event that marks a decisive change in a situation or era.
转折点 – 标志着局势或时代发生决定性改变的事件。
Revolution – (in this sense) a dramatic and far-reaching change in conditions, attitudes, or operation.
革命 – （在此处指）状况、观念或运作方式的剧烈而深远的变化。
Evolution – gradual development over a long period, not sudden.
演进 – 长时间内的逐步发展，并非突然发生。
Stability – a period when little changes; society remains calm and orderly.
稳定 – 变化很少的时期；社会保持平静有序。
5. Cause and Consequence | 原因与结果
Explaining why events happen and what results they produce is the heart of historical reasoning.
解释事件为何发生及其产生何种结果，是历史推理的核心。
Cause – a factor or reason that makes something happen.
原因 – 导致某事发生的因素或理由。
Consequence – a result or effect of an event, decision, or development.
结果 – 事件、决策或发展带来的影响或产物。
Trigger – an immediate event that sets off a larger change, like a spark that lights a fire.
导火索 – 触发更大变化的即时事件，如同点燃火焰的火花。
Long-term cause – a factor that develops slowly over many years and contributes to an event.
长期原因 – 经过多年缓慢发展、对事件发生起促成作用的因素。
Short-term cause – a factor that occurs just before an event and helps start it.
短期原因 – 在事件即将发生前出现并起到引发作用的因素。
Significance – the importance or impact of an event or development in history.
重要性 – 某个历史事件或发展产生的影响和意义。
Impact – the effect an event has on people, society, or the future.
影响 – 事件对人民、社会或未来带来的效应。
6. Empires and Civilisations | 帝国与文明
Large-scale political and cultural units have shaped global history. These terms will help you describe them accurately.
大规模的政治和文化单位塑造了全球历史。这些术语将帮助你准确描述它们。
Empire – a group of territories or peoples ruled by a single emperor or supreme authority.
帝国 – 由一个皇帝或最高权威统治的多块领土或多个民族的总称。
Civilisation – an advanced state of human society with a high level of culture, government, and technology.
文明 – 人类社会发展的高级阶段，具有高度发达的文化、政体和科技。
Colony – a territory settled and controlled by a distant country.
殖民地 – 被远方国家定居并控制的领土。
Imperialism – the policy of extending a country’s power through colonisation or military force.
帝国主义 – 通过殖民或武力扩张国家势力的政策。
Conquistador – a Spanish conqueror in the Americas, such as Hernán Cortés.
征服者 – 在美洲的西班牙征服者，如埃尔南·科尔特斯。
Dynasty – a sequence of rulers from the same family, e.g. the Ming dynasty.
王朝 – 同一家族的一系列统治者，如明朝。
Emperor – the sovereign ruler of an empire.
皇帝 – 帝国的最高统治者。
Monarchy – a form of government with a king, queen, or emperor at the head, often hereditary.
君主制 – 以国王、女王或皇帝为首脑的政体，多为世袭。
7. Power and Government | 权力与政体
Understanding different systems of rule helps you compare past societies and trace the roots of modern governments.
了解不同的统治体系有助于你比较过去的社会，并追踪现代政府的起源。
Absolute monarchy – a system where the monarch has complete power, unchecked by laws or parliament.
绝对君主制 – 君主拥有全部权力，不受法律或议会的制约。
Constitutional monarchy – a monarchy limited by law or a constitution, where elected bodies share power.
君主立宪制 – 受法律或宪法限制的君主制，民选机构分享权力。
Parliament – an assembly of representatives who make laws and scrutinise government; in Britain it includes the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
议会 – 制定法律并监督政府的代表大会；英国议会包括下议院和上议院。
Democracy – a system in which people choose their leaders, typically through voting.
民主制 – 人民通过投票等方式选择其领导人的体制。
Republic – a state in which power rests with the people and their elected representatives, not with a monarch.
共和国 – 权力属于人民及其选出的代表而非君主的国家。
Theocracy – a government ruled by religious leaders or based on religious laws.
神权政体 – 由宗教领袖统治或以宗教法律为根基的政府。
Feudalism – a medieval social system based on land ownership and loyalty, with kings at the top and peasants at the bottom.
封建主义 – 基于土地所有权和效忠的中世纪社会制度，国王居于顶层，农民在底层。
Government – the group of people who govern a country or state; the organisation through which laws are made and enforced.
政府 – 治理国家或地区的一群人；也指制定和执行法律的组织。
8. Religion and Society | 宗教与社会
Religion played a central role in shaping laws, daily life, and conflicts. Learn these terms to discuss belief systems and institutions.
宗教在塑造法律、日常生活和冲突中起着核心作用。学习这些术语，以便讨论信仰体系和制度。
Church – in medieval Europe, the organisation of Christian believers led by the Pope; also a building for worship.
教会 – 中世纪欧洲由教皇领导的基督徒组织；也指礼拜堂。
Reformation – the 16th-century movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestant churches.
宗教改革 – 16世纪挑战天主教廷权威的运动，催生了新教教会。
Protestant – a member of a Christian church that broke away from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation.
新教徒 – 宗教改革时期脱离罗马天主教会的基督教信徒。
Catholic – a member of the Roman Catholic Church, headed by the Pope.
天主教徒 – 由教皇领导的罗马天主教会的成员。
Monastery – a building or community where monks live, pray, and work.
修道院 – 修士居住、祈祷和工作的建筑或团体。
Pilgrimage – a journey to a sacred place for religious reasons.
朝圣 – 因宗教原因前往圣地的旅程。
Heresy – a belief that goes against the official teachings of a church, often punished severely.
异端 – 与教会官方教义相悖的信仰，通常受到严厉惩罚。
Excommunication – the official expulsion of a person from the Church, cutting them off from sacraments.
绝罚 – 教会将某人正式逐出教门的处罚，使其无法领受圣事。
9. Revolution and Rebellion | 革命与叛乱
Periods of upheaval often reshape entire societies. Use these terms to describe forms of dissent and violent change.
动荡时期常常重塑整个社会。用这些术语描述各类反抗和暴力变革。
Revolution – the forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favour of a new system.
革命 – 以武力推翻政府或社会秩序，建立新体制的行为。
Rebellion – an armed resistance against an established government or ruler, often smaller in scale than a revolution.
叛乱 – 对现有政府或统治者的武装抵抗，规模通常小于革命。
Revolt – a spontaneous uprising against authority, often short and focused on a specific grievance.
起义 – 针对权威的自发性暴动，往往短暂并针对具体不满。
Uprising – a popular movement of protest and resistance; similar to revolt.
暴动 – 民众的抗议和抵抗运动；与起义类似。
Civil war – a war between citizens of the same country, e.g. the English Civil War (1642–1651).
内战 – 同一国家公民之间的战争，如英国内战（1642-1651年）。
Coup d'état – a sudden, illegal seizure of power by a small group, often military leaders.
政变 – 一小群人（通常是军事领导人）突然非法夺取政权的行为。
Treason – the crime of betraying one's country, especially by attempting to kill or overthrow the sovereign.
叛国罪 – 背叛国家的罪行，尤指企图杀害或推翻君主。
Insurrection – a rising in open resistance, often moving towards armed conflict.
起义暴动 – 公开反抗的浪潮，常发展为武装冲突。
10. Everyday Life and Economy | 日常生活与经济
History is also about how ordinary people lived, worked, and traded. Learn these terms to understand the economic and social fabric of the past.
历史也关乎普通人的生活、工作和贸易。学习这些术语，以理解过往的经济和社会结构。
Feudalism – the system where land was exchanged for military service, with a strict hierarchy from king to peasant.
封建制度 – 以土地换取兵役的体系，从国王到农民等级森严。
Manorial system – the economic side of feudalism; the lord's manor was the centre of agricultural production.
庄园制度 – 封建制度的经济层面；领主的庄园是农业生产的中心。
Peasant – a poor farmer of low social status who worked the land, often with few rights.
农民 – 社会地位低下的贫穷耕种者，通常权利甚少。
Serf – a peasant legally tied to work on a lord's land and couldn't leave without permission.
农奴 – 法律上被束缚在领主土地上劳作的农民，未经允许不得离开。
Merchant – a person who buys and sells goods for profit; often travelled and traded over long distances.
商人 – 买卖货物以获利的人；常常进行长途旅行和贸易。
Guild – a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants that controlled trade standards and training.
行会 – 中世纪手工业者或商人的组织，控制行业标准和培训。
Trade – the exchange of goods and services between people, regions, or countries.
贸易 – 人们、地区或国家之间商品和服务的交换。
Industrialisation – the process by which an economy shifts from farming to machine-based manufacturing, starting in Britain in the 18th century.
工业化 – 经济从农业转向机械制造的进程，18世纪始于英国。
Agricultural Revolution – the transformation of farming methods that increased food production, paving the way for industrialisation.
农业革命 – 农耕方法的变革，提高了粮食产量，为工业化铺平了道路。
11. Key Periods and Events | 关键时期与事件
Certain labels help historians organise the past into manageable blocks. Here are the most common period names you will encounter.
某些标签有助于历史学家将过去分成易于掌握的区块。以下是最常见的时期名称。
Prehistory – the time before written records; studied through archaeology.
史前 – 有文字记录之前的时期；通过考古学进行研究。
Ancient history – the period from the first civilisations (c.3000 BCE) to the fall of the Roman Empire (476 CE).
古代史 – 从最早文明（约公元前3000年）到西罗马帝国灭亡（公元476年）的时期。
Medieval – the Middle Ages, roughly 500–1500 CE; often divided into early, high, and late medieval.
中世纪 – 约公元500年至1500年；常分为早期、盛期和晚期中世纪。
Renaissance – a cultural movement beginning in Italy in the 14th century, reviving classical learning and artistic innovation.
文艺复兴 – 14世纪始于意大利的文化运动，复兴古典学识和艺术创新。
Reformation – the religious upheaval of the 16th century that split Western Christianity.
宗教改革 – 16世纪的宗教剧变，使西方基督教发生分裂。
Enlightenment – an 18th-century intellectual movement emphasising reason, science, and rights.
启蒙运动 – 18世纪强调理性、科学和权利的思想运动。
Industrial Revolution – the period of rapid industrial growth from the late 18th century, starting in Britain.
工业革命 – 从18世纪末开始于英国的快速工业增长时期。
Victorian era – the period of Queen Victoria's reign, 1837–1901, marked by industrial power and moral values.
维多利亚时代 – 维多利亚女王在位时期（1837-1901年），以工业强权和道德观念为标志。
Modern era – the period from around 1500 to the present; some historians distinguish early modern (1500–1800) from late modern.
近现代 – 约1500年至今的时期；部分史学家区分早期近代（1500-1800年）和晚期近代。
12. Historical Skills: Writing and Enquiry | 历史技能：写作与探究
Putting your knowledge into words is a vital skill. These terms will help you frame your arguments and tackle historical essays.
将知识转化为文字是一项关键技能。这些术语能帮你构建论点并应对历史小论文。
Enquiry question – a big, open-ended question that guides historical investigation, e.g. 'Why did the English Civil War break out?'
探究问题 – 一个开放式的重大疑问，引导历史研究，如“为什么爆发了英国内战？”
Argument – a supported claim or line of reasoning that answers a historical question.
论点 – 回答历史问题的有依据的主张或推理线索。
Evidence-based – using concrete sources and facts to support a statement rather than just opinion.
基于证据的 – 用具体史料和事实支持陈述，而非仅凭个人看法。
Source analysis – the skill of examining a primary or secondary source for value and limitations.
史料分析 – 审视一手或二手史料以判断其价值和局限性的技能。
Conclusion – a final summary that brings together the main points and restates your argument in a fresh way.
结论 – 汇集主要观点并用新颖方式重申论点的最终总结。
Evaluation – making a judgement about the quality or importance of evidence, arguments, or events.
评价 – 对证据、论点或事件的质量和重要性做出判断。
Historical narrative – a story-like account of events that connects causes, actions, and outcomes.
历史叙述 – 将原因、行动和结果连接起来的故事式记录。
Revision – re-reading, note-taking, and practising to reinforce knowledge before an exam.
复习 – 考前通过重读、记笔记和练习来巩固知识。
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