📚 Engineering Essay Writing Framework and Sample Essays | 工程论文写作框架与范文
Writing in engineering is not just about listing facts; it is about explaining ideas clearly, analysing processes, and justifying decisions. At KS3 CCEA level, you are expected to structure your thoughts logically and use appropriate technical language. This guide will provide you with a reliable framework for planning and writing engineering essays, along with a worked sample to illustrate the key principles. Whether you are evaluating a design, describing a manufacturing method, or comparing materials, this framework will help you produce well‑organised, high‑quality answers.
工程学科的写作不仅仅罗列事实，更要求清晰地解释想法、分析过程并论证决策的合理性。在 KS3 CCEA 阶段，你需要逻辑地组织思路并运用恰当的技术语言。本指南将为你提供一个可靠的工程论文规划与写作框架，并通过一篇范文展示关键原则。无论你是在评估一项设计、描述一种制造方法还是比较不同材料，这个框架都能帮助你写出条理清晰、高质量的答案。
1. Understanding the Essay Question | 理解论文问题
The first step to a strong essay is understanding exactly what the question asks. Look for command words such as 'describe', 'explain', 'evaluate' or 'compare'. Each command word requires a different type of response. For example, 'describe' asks you to give a detailed account, while 'evaluate' expects you to make judgments based on criteria like cost, sustainability or efficiency.
写出一篇好论文的第一步是准确理解题目的要求。找出像“描述”“解释”“评估”或“比较”这样的指令词。每个指令词对应不同类型的答题方式。例如，“描述”要求你给出详细的说明，而“评估”则希望你根据成本、可持续性或效率等标准作出判断。
Break down the question into key terms. If a question asks, 'How does a crank mechanism change motion?', the key terms are 'crank mechanism', 'change' and 'motion'. Circle or underline these words so you stay focused. Missing a key term can lead to an off‑topic answer and a low mark.
把问题拆解成关键术语。如果问题问“曲柄机构如何改变运动？”，那么关键术语就是“曲柄机构”“改变”和“运动”。圈出或划出这些词，让自己始终聚焦。遗漏一个关键术语可能导致答案偏题，得分不理想。
Pay attention to context words such as 'sustainable', 'automated' or 'low‑budget'. These tell you the angle you must adopt. For KS3 CCEA Engineering, many questions are based on design briefs or real‑world problems, so identifying the context early is essential.
留意“可持续的”“自动化的”或“低预算的”这类语境词。它们指明了你要采取的切入角度。在 KS3 CCEA 的工程考试中，许多题目基于设计概要或现实问题，因此尽早识别语境至关重要。
2. Structuring Your Engineering Essay | 构建你的工程论文
An effective engineering essay follows a clear three‑part structure: introduction, body and conclusion. This is often called the 'comprehension, analysis, evaluation' model in design and technology subjects. Start by planning your paragraphs before you write. A simple plan ensures every part of your answer addresses the question.
一篇有效的工程论文遵循清晰的三段式结构：引言、正文和结论。在设计与技术科目中，这通常被称为“理解、分析、评估”模式。开始写作前先计划好段落。一份简单的计划能确保答案的每一部分都紧扣题目。
Introduction – tell the reader what you will discuss. State the problem or design context, and briefly mention the factors you will consider, such as materials, forces or manufacturing methods. Keep it concise; aim for no more than three sentences at KS3 level.
引言——告诉读者你将讨论什么。陈述问题或设计背景，并简要提及你将要考虑的因素，例如材料、力或制造方法。保持简洁；在 KS3 阶段，引言不要超过三句话。
Body paragraphs – each paragraph should cover one key idea. Use the PEEL (Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link) method: start with a point, give a technical example or data, explain how it works or why it matters, and then link back to the question. This helps you stay analytical rather than purely descriptive.
正文段落——每段应涵盖一个关键想法。使用 PEEL（观点、证据、解释、联系）方法：先提出观点，给出技术实例或数据，解释其工作原理或重要性，然后回扣题目。这有助于你进行分析性写作，避免纯粹描述。
Conclusion – summarise your main arguments and state your final judgment. For an evaluative question, you might say which solution is best and why. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion. A strong ending leaves the reader with a clear sense of your position.
结论——总结主要论点并给出最终判断。对于评价性问题，你可以说明哪个解决方案最优及其原因。避免在结论中引入新信息。一个有力的结尾会给读者留下清晰的立场印象。
3. Introduction: Setting the Scene | 引言：设定场景
The introduction sets the tone for your essay. Start by rephrasing the question in your own words. For instance, if the question is 'Evaluate the use of aluminium in bicycle frames', you could write: 'This essay will examine the advantages and limitations of using aluminium for bicycle frames, considering properties such as strength, weight and cost.'
引言为你的论文定下基调。用自己的话重新表述题目。例如，如果问题是“评估铝在自行车车架中的使用”，你可以写道：“本文将探讨使用铝制作自行车车架的优点与局限，考虑强度、重量和成本等性能。”
Mention the design factors you will discuss. For KS3 Engineering, these often include materials, structures, mechanisms, electronics or manufacturing processes. For example: 'Key aspects to be explored are mechanical properties, ease of joining, environmental impact and overall lifecycle cost.'
提及你将讨论的设计因素。对于 KS3 工程，这些通常包括材料、结构、机构、电子或制造工艺。例如：“要探讨的关键方面包括力学性能、连接便利性、环境影响和全生命周期成本。”
A good introduction also signals your line of argument. You might hint at your conclusion without giving everything away: 'While aluminium offers high strength‑to‑weight ratio, its higher cost and energy‑intensive production may limit its suitability for budget applications.'
一个好的引言还能预示你的论证方向。你可以暗示结论，但不全部透露：“虽然铝具有高强重比，但其较高的成本和能源密集型生产可能会限制其在预算有限项目中的适用性。”
Keep your introduction balanced. Avoid extreme statements such as 'Aluminium is the best material ever.' Instead use measured language: 'Aluminium presents a strong case due to its corrosion resistance and formability, but alternative materials must be carefully assessed.'
保持引言均衡。避免极端表述，如“铝是有史以来最好的材料”。而应使用审慎的语言：“铝因其耐腐蚀性和可成形性具有显著优势，但替代材料必须经过仔细评估。”
4. The Body: Presenting Your Analysis | 正文：呈现你的分析
The body is where you develop your arguments. Aim for two or three well‑developed paragraphs, each built around one clear idea. Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence that tells the reader what the paragraph is about. For example: 'One major advantage of aluminium is its excellent strength‑to‑weight ratio.'
正文是你展开论证的部分。努力写出两到三个充实的段落，每段围绕一个明确的观点展开。每段的开头用一句主题句告诉读者该段内容。例如：“铝的一个主要优点是它出色的强重比。”
Follow with evidence. Use specific technical details: 'With a density of 2.7 g/cm³, aluminium is about one‑third the weight of steel yet can achieve tensile strengths exceeding 300 MPa when alloyed and heat‑treated.' This shows you have subject knowledge and can apply it.
随后提供证据。使用具体的技术细节：“铝的密度为 2.7 g/cm³，大约只有钢材重量的三分之一，但在合金化和热处理后其抗拉强度可达 300 MPa 以上。”这表明你掌握了学科知识并能加以运用。
Explain the significance of the evidence. Link properties to function: 'This low mass reduces inertia, making the bicycle easier to accelerate and climb hills. It also lowers the overall frame weight, improving rider comfort over long distances.' Make sure every piece of evidence is followed by a clear explanation.
解释证据的意义。将性能与功能联系起来：“这种低质量降低了惯性，使自行车更容易加速和爬坡。它还减轻了整车架重量，改善了长距离骑行舒适度。”确保每条证据之后都有清晰的解释。
End the paragraph by linking back to the question or to the next paragraph. For instance: 'However, these mechanical benefits must be weighed against aluminium's relatively poor fatigue resistance, a factor critical for safety‑critical components.' This creates a logical flow and deepens the analysis.
段落结尾回扣题目或引出下一段。例如：“然而，这些力学上的优势必须与铝相对较差的抗疲劳性能相权衡，这对于安全关键部件来说是一个至关重要的因素。”这营造了逻辑流动并加深了分析。
5. Using Evidence and Examples | 使用证据和实例
Engineers make decisions based on data and proven examples. Your essay should reflect this by including specific references to materials, processes and real‑world applications. Instead of saying 'Plastics are light', say 'Polypropylene has a density of around 0.9 g/cm³, making it suitable for lightweight casing components in consumer electronics.'
工程师基于数据和经过验证的案例做决策。你的论文应体现这一点，通过具体引用材料、工艺和现实应用。不要只说“塑料很轻”，要说“聚丙烯的密度约为 0.9 g/cm³，这使其适用于消费电子产品中的轻质外壳部件”。
Use comparisons to strengthen your analysis. A table can be an effective way to present comparative data, but always explain what the numbers mean in the following sentence. For example:
| Property | Mild Steel | Aluminium Alloy | Polymer Composite |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density (g/cm³) | 7.8 | 2.7 | 1.5 |
| Tensile Strength (MPa) | 400 | 300 | 500 |
| Cost Relative Index | 1 | 3 | 5 |
The table shows that while polymer composites offer the highest tensile strength and lowest density, they are five times more costly than mild steel. This immediately highlights trade‑offs an engineer must consider.
表格显示，虽然聚合物复合材料提供了最高的抗拉强度和最低的密度，但其成本是低碳钢的五倍。这立刻突出了工程师必须考虑的权衡因素。
Where possible, cite named products or famous engineering examples. Mentioning how the Lotus Elise used aluminium extrusions bonded with epoxy to create a lightweight chassis can bring your essay to life and demonstrate wider reading.
在可能的情况下，引用知名产品或著名的工程实例。提到莲花Elise如何利用铝合金型材与环氧树脂粘接来打造轻量化底盘，这能让你的论文更生动，并展示出你的广泛阅读。
Avoid making unsupported claims. Every statement about a material's suitability should be backed by at least one reason or piece of data. This habit separates descriptive writing from analytical writing, which is what examiners look for at CCEA.
避免提出无依据的论断。每一种关于材料适用性的陈述都应至少有一个理由或数据支撑。这个习惯能将描述性写作与分析性写作区分开来，而后者正是 CCEA 考官所看重的。
6. Discussing the Design Process | 讨论设计过程
Many KS3 CCEA Engineering questions ask you to discuss a design process or propose a sequence of manufacturing steps. When describing a process, use clear sequencing words: 'Initially', 'Next', 'Following this', 'Finally'. This helps the reader follow your thinking in a logical order.
许多 KS3 CCEA 工程题目要求你讨论一个设计过程或提出一系列制造步骤。在描述一个过程时，使用清晰的顺序词：“起初”“接下来”“此后”“最后”。这有助于读者按逻辑顺序理解你的思路。
For each stage, explain not just what happens but why it happens. For instance: 'The aluminium billet is heated to 450°C before extrusion. This temperature reduces the material's yield strength, allowing it to flow through the die with less force while preventing hot cracking.' This level of detail demonstrates engineering reasoning.
对每个阶段，不仅要解释发生了什么，还要解释为什么会发生。例如：“铝坯在挤压前被加热到 450°C。这个温度降低了材料的屈服强度，使其用较小的力就能流过模具，同时防止热裂纹产生。”这样的细节展示了工程推理。
ents. If a product needs high precision, explain why CNC machining is chosen over casting: ' tial for the mating surfaces of the gear housing to ensure smooth operation and low noise.'
将工艺选择与设计要求联系起来。如果产品需要高精度，解释为什么选择了 CNC 加工而非铸造：“CNC 加工能够达到 ±0.01 mm 的公差，这对齿轮箱的配合表面至关重要，以确保运行平稳和低噪音。”
Mention quality control steps. For KS3, understanding basic inspection methods like using a micrometer or Go/No‑Go gauge shows practical awareness. 'Following drilling, the hole diameter is checked with a plug gauge to confirm it meets the specified H7 tolerance, guaranteeing assembly with the shaft.'
提及质量控制步骤。对于 KS3，了解使用千分尺或通止规等基础检验方法展示了你具有实践意识。“钻孔后，孔直径用塞规检查，以确认其符合规定的 H7 公差，保证与轴装配。”
7. Evaluating Solutions and Making Recommendations | 评估解决方案并提出建议
Evaluation means weighing up strengths and limitations to reach a justified conclusion. Always consider multiple criteria: function, cost, aesthetics, sustainability, safety and manufacture. A balanced evaluation acknowledges that no solution is perfect. Use phrases like 'on the other hand' or 'however' to introduce counter‑arguments.
评价意味着权衡优势与局限，以得出有依据的结论。始终考虑多项标准：功能、成本、美学、可持续性、安全性和可制造性。均衡的评价承认没有任何方案是完美的。使用诸如“另一方面”或“然而”的短语来引入反方论点。
When comparing two designs, a decision matrix can help structure your thoughts, but in an essay, explain it in prose. For example: 'Design A scores highly on cost and ease of assembly, but Design B offers better energy efficiency and a longer service life. For a volume production household appliance, Design A is likely preferable because the cost advantage outweighs the marginal energy saving.'
在比较两种设计时，决策矩阵有助于梳理思路，但在论文中，要用散文形式来解释。例如：“设计 A 在成本和装配便利性方面得分很高，但设计 B 提供了更好的能源效率和更长的使用寿命。对于大批量生产的家用电器，设计 A 可能更可取，因为成本优势超过了微不足道的节能。”
Make a clear recommendation, even if the question does not explicitly tell you to recommend. This shows confidence and your ability to synthesise information. Use language like: 'Based on the analysis, the recommended material is ABS because it provides a suitable balance of impact resistance, surface finish quality and unit cost for the casing.'
即使题目没有明确要求提出建议，也应给出清晰的建议。这能展示你的自信和信息综合能力。可使用这样的语言：“基于分析，推荐的材料是 ABS，因为它为外壳提供了抗冲击性、表面光洁度和单位成本的合适平衡。”
Avoid merely restating all your points. Pick out the most decisive factor and explain why it tips the balance. This gives your conclusion authority and prevents it from sounding like a shopping list.
避免只是重述所有论点。挑出最具决定性的因素，并解释它为何能打破平衡。这会使你的结论具有权威性，避免听起来像一张购物清单。
8. Conclusion: Summarising Your Findings | 结论：总结你的发现
The conclusion should be brief but powerful. Start by echoing the question: 'In conclusion, aluminium remains a strong candidate for high‑performance bicycle frames...' Do not introduce new facts. Instead, synthesise the key arguments you have already made.
结论应该简短有力。以呼应题目开始：“总之，铝依然是高性能自行车车架的有力候选……”不要引入新的事实。相反，综合你已经论述过的关键论点。
Draw together your analysis and evaluation into one or two sentences. For example: 'Its exceptional strength‑to‑weight ratio and corrosion resistance give it a clear advantage in racing applications, but for everyday city bicycles, steel may offer better durability and repairability at a lower cost.'
将你的分析和评价归纳成一到两句话。例如：“其卓越的强重比和耐腐蚀性在竞赛应用中具有明显优势，但对于日常城市自行车，钢材可能在较低成本下提供更好的耐用性和可修复性。”
End with a forward‑looking statement or a consideration of wider impact: 'Engineers must continue to balance performance demands with environmental concerns, exploring recycled alloys and more efficient production methods.' This shows a mature understanding of engineering's role in society.
以一句展望性陈述或对更广泛影响的思考结尾：“工程师必须继续在性能需求与环境关切之间取得平衡，探索再生合金和更高效的生产方法。”这展示了对工程在社会中作用的成熟理解。
Check that your conclusion answers the question directly. If the question asked 'to what extent', state the extent clearly: 'Aluminium's suitability is therefore strong but limited to applications where weight saving justifies the extra cost and manufacturing complexity.'
检查你的结论是否直接回答了问题。如果问题问“在多大程度上”，要明确说明程度：“因此，铝的适用性很强，但局限于那些减重足以抵消额外成本和制造复杂性的应用场合。”
9. Language and Technical Terms | 语言和专业术语
Using correct technical vocabulary accurately is essential in engineering writing. Refer to materials by their proper names (e.g. polypropylene, not just 'plastic'), and use standard abbreviations like CAD for Computer‑Aided Design only after you have written the full term once. This demonstrates subject literacy.
准确使用正确的技术词汇在工程写作中至关重要。用专有名称指代材料（如聚丙烯，而不只是“塑料”），并使用标准缩写，如 CAD（计算机辅助设计），但要在首次写出全称之后。这展示了学科素养。
Choose active, precise verbs. Instead of 'The machine does the cutting', write 'The CNC router mills the profile'. Avoid vague words like 'good', 'bad', 'stuff'. Replace them with measurable terms: 'high tensile strength', 'poor thermal conductivity', 'acceptable surface roughness of Ra 1.6 µm'.
选用主动、精准的动词。不要写“机器进行切割”，而要写“CNC 铣床铣削外形”。避免模糊的词汇，如“好”“坏”“东西”。用可量度的术语替换：“高抗拉强度”“低导热性”“可接受的 Ra 1.6 µm 表面粗糙度”。
Write in the third person or passive voice where appropriate. In formal engineering reports, you may write: 'The specimen was subjected to a tensile load until fracture occurred,' rather than 'We pulled the specimen until it snapped.' However, CCEA KS3 essays are less formal; you can use 'I' if the question asks for your opinion, but keep the overall tone analytical.
在适当场合使用第三人称或被动语态。在正式的工程报告中，你可以写：“试样承受拉伸载荷直至发生断裂”，而非“我们把试样拉断”。不过，CCEA KS3 论文不那么正式；如果题目要求你表达自己的观点，可以使用“我”，但整体语气要保持分析性。
Ensure your sentences are clear and not overloaded with ideas. Aim for an average sentence length of 15–20 words. Read your essay aloud to catch overly long sentences or awkward phrasing. Technical writing values clarity over complexity.
确保你的句子清晰，不要承载过多想法。目标平均句长在15–20个词。大声朗读你的论文，以发现过长的句子或别扭的措辞。技术写作重视清晰性而非复杂性。
10. Sample Essay: Designing a Sustainable Bridge | 范文：设计一座可持续的桥梁
Question: 'Evaluate the use of timber as the primary material for a small pedestrian bridge in a nature park. Consider structural, environmental and economic factors.'
题目：“评估使用木材作为自然公园中一座小型人行天桥主要材料的可行性。考虑结构、环境和经济因素。”
Introduction: Timber has been used in bridge construction for centuries, but its application in modern engineering is often limited to lightweight or temporary structures. This essay will evaluate the structural, environmental and economic merits of timber for a small pedestrian bridge in a nature park setting. While timber offers significant aesthetic and ecological benefits, its structural limitations must be carefully managed.
引言：木材用于建桥已有数百年历史，但在现代工程中，其应用往往局限于轻型或临时结构。本文将评价在自然公园环境中使用木材建造小型人行天桥在结构、环境和经济方面的优点。虽然木材具有显著的美学和生态效益，但其结构局限必须得到妥善处理。
Body paragraph 1 – Structural factors: Timber possesses a respectable strength‑to‑weight ratio, with glued laminated beams capable of spanning up to 15 metres for pedestrian loads. The modulus of elasticity of softwood is around 10 GPa, which provides adequate stiffness if the girders are sufficiently deep. However, timber is anisotropic – its strength varies with grain direction – and it is susceptible to moisture‑induced swelling and rot. Engineering solutions such as pressure‑treated preservatives, covered walkways and ventilated bearing details can mitigate these risks, but they add to lifecycle maintenance. Consequently, structural timber bridges require regular inspection, which must be factored into the park's management plan.
正文段1 – 结构因素：木材具有良好的强重比，胶合层压梁用于人行载荷的跨度可达 15 米。软木的弹性模量大约为 10 GPa，若主梁有足够的梁高，这一刚度是充分的。然而，木材是各向异性的——其强度随纹理方向变化——并且容易因吸湿而膨胀和腐朽。加压防腐处理、遮盖式廊道和通风支座节点等工程方案可以降低这些风险，但会增加全生命周期的维护工作。因此，木结构桥梁需要定期检查，而这必须纳入公园的管理计划。
Body paragraph 2 – Environmental and economic factors: From an environmental perspective, timber is a renewable resource with low embodied carbon, especially if sourced from sustainably managed local forests. A timber bridge can sequester approximately 200 kg of CO₂ per cubic metre of material, contributing positively to the nature park's green image. Economically, the raw material cost is competitive with steel for short spans, and foundations can be lighter due to the reduced dead load. However, the higher maintenance costs over a 50‑year design life – estimated at 15% of initial build cost every decade – may erode the initial savings. A comparative cost analysis with a steel alternative suggests that timber becomes more expensive after 30 years if detailed inspection and timber replacement are considered.
正文段2 – 环境与经济因素：从环境角度看，木材是一种可再生资源，具有较低的隐含碳排放，特别是当它来自可持续管理的本地森林时。一座木桥每立方米材料可以固碳约 200 kg CO₂，对自然公园的绿色形象有积极贡献。在经济上，对于小跨度桥梁，木材的原材料成本可与钢材竞争，并且由于自重减轻，基础可以更轻。然而，在 50 年设计寿命内较高的维护成本——估计每十年需要初始建造成本的 15%——可能会侵蚀最初的节省。与钢桥方案的对比成本分析表明，如果考虑详细检查和木构件更换，30 年后木材方案将变得更为昂贵。
Conclusion: Timber can be an excellent choice for a small pedestrian bridge in a nature park, primarily because of its low environmental impact and its visual harmony with the landscape. Structurally, modern engineered timber can meet the demands, provided robust detailing protects against moisture. The economic analysis reveals that the decision hinges on the park's commitment to long‑term maintenance. For a site where regular maintenance is assured and sustainability is the priority, timber is recommended. This evaluation underscores the importance of a lifecycle view in engineering material selection.
结论：木材可以作为自然公园小型人行天桥的绝佳选择，主要是因为它的低环境影响和与景观的视觉和谐。结构上，现代工程木产品能够满足要求，前提是采用坚固的节点设计防潮。经济分析表明，决定的关键在于公园对长期维护的承诺。对于维护有保障且可持续性为优先考虑的地点，推荐使用木材。这一评价强调了在工程材料选择中采用全生命周期视角的重要性。
The sample above demonstrates the framework: a focused introduction, two analytical body paragraphs using PEEL structure, and a decisive conclusion that weighs up all factors. Notice how technical terms are explained and every claim is supported by reasoning.
以上范文展示了这个框架：一个聚焦的引言、两个采用 PEEL 结构的分析性正文段落，以及一个权衡所有因素的决断性结论。请注意技术术语是如何被解释的，以及每一个论断都有推理支撑。
11. Common Mistakes to Avoid | 常见错误要避免
Writing a descriptive list of facts rather than analysing them. CCEA marks are allocated for explaining 'why' and 'how', not just 'what'.
写成罗列事实的描述性清单，而非进行分析。CCEA 的分数分配看重解释“为什么”和“如何”，而不只是“是什么”。
Ignoring command words. An essay using 'describe' when the question says 'evaluate' will lose significant marks because it lacks judgement.
忽视指令词。当题目说“评估”而你写成“描述”时，会因缺乏判断而丢失大量分数。
Using technical terms incorrectly. For example, confusing 'strength' with 'stiffness' shows a misunderstanding of material properties. Always check definitions.
错误使用技术术语。例如，混淆“强度”和“刚度”表明对材料性能的理解有误。务必核对定义。
Weak or missing conclusion. An essay that simply stops without summarising leaves the examiner unsure whether you reached a reasoned position. Always include a brief conclusion.
结论薄弱或缺失。一篇没有总结就戛然而止的文章会让考官不确定你是否得出了有依据的立场。务必包含一个简短的结论。
Poor paragraphing. A single block of text is hard to follow. Break your ideas into clear paragraphs, each with a single focus.
分段不当。一整块文字难以阅读。将你的想法分成清晰的段落，每段一个中心。
Spelling and grammar errors in key technical words (e.g. 'guage' instead of 'gauge'). These can undermine the professional tone of your essay. Proofread carefully.
关键专业词的拼写和语法错误（如将 'gauge' 拼作 'guage'）。这会削弱你论文的专业语气。仔细校对。
12. Final Checklist | 最终检查清单
Before submitting your essay, run through this checklist:
在提交你的论文前，请逐项核对：
Have I identified and addressed every command word? | 我是否识别并回应了每一个指令词？
Does my introduction state the context and main factors? | 我的引言是否陈述了背景和主要因素？
Does each body paragraph follow PEEL with a clear topic sentence? | 每个正文段是否按 PEEL 结构展开并有清晰的主题句？
Have I used specific technical examples and data? | 我是否使用了具体的技术实例和数据？
Have I evaluated or compared rather than just described? | 我是否进行了评价或比较，而不仅仅是描述？
Is my conclusion a reasoned synthesis, not a repetition? | 我的结论是否是一个有理有据的综合，而非重复？
Have I checked spelling, particularly of technical terms? | 我是否检查了拼写，尤其是专业术语？
Does the essay stay within a logical time frame and word limit if set? | 论文是否控制在合理的时间范围和规定的字数内？
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