📚 KS3 CCEA Engineering: Vocabulary Terms Quick Revision Guide | KS3 CCEA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Understanding key vocabulary is essential for mastering KS3 Engineering. This guide covers the most important terms you'll encounter, from materials and tools to electronics and mechanics.
掌握关键词汇对学好 KS3 工程至关重要。本指南涵盖你会遇到的最重要术语，从材料和工具到电子和机械。
1. Engineering Materials | 工程材料
Metal: A material that is typically hard, shiny, and conducts electricity and heat well. Examples include iron, aluminium, and copper.
金属：通常坚硬、有光泽、能良好导电和导热的材料。例如铁、铝和铜。
Alloy: A mixture of two or more elements, where at least one is a metal, to improve properties like strength or corrosion resistance. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.
合金：两种或多种元素的混合物，其中至少一种是金属，以提升强度或耐腐蚀等性能。钢是铁和碳的合金。
Polymer: A large molecule made of repeating units; plastics such as polyethylene and nylon are common polymers used in engineering.
聚合物：由重复单元构成的大分子；聚乙烯和尼龙等塑料是工程中常用的聚合物。
Ceramic: A hard, brittle, heat-resistant material made from clay or other minerals, often used for insulators or cutting tools.
陶瓷：由粘土或其他矿物制成的坚硬、脆性、耐热的材料，常用于绝缘体或切削工具。
Composite: A material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties. Fibreglass and carbon fibre are typical composites.
复合材料：由两种或多种物理或化学性质差异显著的组分材料制成的材料。玻璃纤维和碳纤维是典型的复合材料。
2. Tools and Equipment | 工具与设备
Hammer: A tool used to deliver an impact to an object, such as driving nails or shaping metal. Common types include claw hammer and ball-peen hammer.
锤子：用于对物体施加冲击的工具，如钉钉子或塑造金属。常见类型有羊角锤和圆头锤。
Screwdriver: A tool for turning screws, with various tip types (flathead, Phillips, Torx). It converts rotational motion to tighten or loosen fasteners.
螺丝刀：用于拧动螺丝的工具，有不同的头型（一字、十字、梅花）。它将旋转运动转化为拧紧或松开紧固件。
Spanner: A wrench used to grip and turn nuts or bolts. Open-ended and ring spanners are common, while adjustable spanners can fit different sizes.
扳手：用于夹持和转动螺母或螺栓的扳手。开口扳手和梅花扳手较常见，活动扳手可适应不同尺寸。
Drill: A tool fitted with a rotating cutting bit, used for making holes in various materials. Hand drills and power drills are widely used in workshops.
钻头/电钻：装有旋转切削钻头的工具，用于在各种材料上钻孔。手钻和电钻在车间中广泛使用。
Vice: A mechanical clamping device used to hold a workpiece securely while work is being performed, such as sawing or filing.
台钳：一种机械夹持装置，用于在执行锯切或锉削等工作时将工件牢固地固定住。
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造过程
Cutting: The process of removing material from a workpiece using tools like saws, shears, or laser cutters to achieve a desired shape or size.
切割：使用锯、剪板机或激光切割机等工具从工件上去除材料，以获得所需形状或尺寸的过程。
Bending: A forming process in which a force is applied to a material to cause it to deform plastically, creating an angular shape without breaking.
弯曲：一种成形工艺，对材料施加力使其发生塑性变形，从而形成一定角度而不破裂。
Joining: Connecting two or more parts together using methods such as adhesive bonding, mechanical fasteners (bolts, rivets), or heat-based processes.
连接：使用粘合剂粘接、机械紧固件（螺栓、铆钉）或基于热的工艺将两个或多个部件连接在一起。
Soldering: A process of joining metal items by melting a filler metal (solder) with a low melting point, commonly used in electronics to connect components to a circuit board.
钎焊/焊接（软焊）：通过熔化低熔点的填充金属（焊料）来连接金属件的过程，常见于电子行业中用于将元件连接到电路板上。
Welding: A fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence, often by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material.
焊接：一种使材料（通常是金属或热塑性塑料）通过熔合而连接的制造工艺，通常需熔化工件并添加填充材料。
3D printing: An additive manufacturing process where material is deposited layer by layer to create a three-dimensional object from a digital model.
3D 打印：一种增材制造工艺，通过逐层沉积材料，根据数字模型创造出三维物体。
4. Electronic Components | 电子元件
Resistor: A component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in a circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻器：限制或调节电路中电流流动的元件。电阻的单位是欧姆 (Ω)。
Capacitor: A device that stores electrical energy temporarily in an electric field, used to smooth voltage fluctuations or store charge.
电容器：一种临时在电场中储存电能的器件，用于平滑电压波动或储存电荷。
LED (Light Emitting Diode): A semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs are energy-efficient and long-lasting.
发光二极管 (LED)：一种当电流通过时会发光的半导体器件。LED 节能且寿命长。
Transistor: A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. It is a fundamental building block of modern electronic circuits.
晶体管：用于放大或开关电信号的半导体器件，是现代电子电路的基本构建模块。
Battery: A source of chemical energy that is converted into electrical energy, providing a voltage to a circuit. Rechargeable and non-rechargeable types exist.
电池：将化学能转化为电能的电源，为电路提供电压。有可充电和不可充电之分。
Switch: A component that can open or close a circuit, controlling the flow of current. Common types include toggle, push-button, and slide switches.
开关：可以断开或闭合电路以控制电流流动的元件。常见类型有拨动开关、按钮开关和滑动开关。
5. Mechanics and Motion | 力学与运动
Force: A push or pull upon an object resulting from its interaction with another object. Measured in newtons (N).
力：物体因与另一物体相互作用而受到的推或拉。单位为牛顿 (N)。
Mass: The amount of matter in an object, constant regardless of location. Measured in kilograms (kg).
质量：物体所含物质的量，不随位置改变。单位为千克 (kg)。
Weight ass due to gravity. Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (g), measured in newtons.
重量：因重力作用施加在质量上的力。重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度 (g)，单位为牛顿。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be useful (tyres on road) or unwanted (in bearings).
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。它可能有用（如轮胎与路面）或有害（如轴承中）。
Velocity: The speed of an object in a given direction. Unlike speed, velocity is a vector quantity.
速度：物体在给定方向上的运动快慢。与速率不同，速度是矢量。
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity with time. Measured in metres per second squared (m/s²).
加速度：速度随时间的变化率。单位为米每二次方秒 (m/s²)。
Lever: A simple machine consisting of a rigid bar pivoted on a fulcrum, used to multiply force. Classes of levers depend on positions of effort, load, and fulcrum.
杠杆：一种简单机械，由固定在支点上的刚性杆组成，用于放大力量。根据动力、载荷和支点的位置分为不同类别。
6. Design and Drawing | 设计与制图
Sketch: A freehand drawing that expresses the rough shape and main features of an object, often used for initial ideas.
草图：一种徒手绘制的图纸，表达物体的粗略形状和主要特征，常用于初始构思。
Dimension: A numerical value on a drawing that indicates the size of a feature, such as length, width, or diameter. Essential for accurate manufacturing.
尺寸：图纸上表示特征大小的数值，如长度、宽度或直径。对于精确制造至关重要。
Scale: The ratio between the size of a drawn object and its actual size. For example, a scale of 1:2 means the drawing is half the real dimensions.
比例：绘制物体尺寸与实际尺寸之间的比率。例如，1:2 的比例表示图纸尺寸是实际尺寸的一半。
Orthographic projection: A method of representing a 3D object using multiple 2D views, typically the front, top, and side views, drawn to scale and aligned.
正投影：一种使用多个二维视图（通常是前视图、俯视图和侧视图）来表示三维物体的方法，按比例绘制并对齐。
Isometric drawing: A pictorial representation where three sides of an object are visible, with vertical lines drawn vertically and horizontal lines at 30° to the horizontal.
等轴测图：一种图形表示法，物体的三个面均可见，垂直线垂直绘制，水平线以与水平方向成 30° 角绘制。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design): The use of computer software to create precise 2D drawings or 3D models of products, allowing for simulation and easy modification.
计算机辅助设计 (CAD)：使用计算机软件创建精确的产品二维图纸或三维模型，可进行仿真和轻松修改。
7. Measurement and Units | 测量与单位
Length: The measurement of something from end to end. Standard SI unit is the metre (m). Engineers also use millimetres (mm) and micrometres (µm) for precision.
长度：物体一端到另一端的度量。国际单位制标准单位为米 (m)。工程师也使用毫米 (mm) 和微米 (µm) 以求精确。
Mass: The quantity of matter in a body. SI unit is the kilogram (kg). It is not affected by gravity.
质量：物体中物质的量。国际单位制单位是千克 (kg)。它不受重力影响。
Time: The ongoing sequence of events. Measured in seconds (s). Timing is critical in mechanical and electronic systems.
时间：事件的持续序列。以秒 (s) 为单位。在机械和电子系统中，计时至关重要。
Current: The flow of electric charge in a circuit. Measured in amperes (A). The symbol I is often used in formulas.
电流：电路中电荷的流动。以安培 (A) 为单位。公式中常用符号 I 表示。
Voltage: The electrical potential difference between two points. Measured in volts (V). It can be thought of as electrical 'pressure'.
电压：两点之间的电位差。以伏特 (V) 为单位。可以将其视为电的“压力”。
Resistance: The opposition to current flow. Measured in ohms (Ω). Resistors are components that provide a specific resistance.
电阻：对电流流动的阻碍。以欧姆 (Ω) 为单位。电阻器是提供特定阻值的元件。
Micrometer: A precision measuring instrument used to measure very small distances or thicknesses accurately, typically to within 0.01 mm.
千分尺：一种精密测量仪器，用于精确测量非常小的距离或厚度，通常精度可达 0.01 毫米。
8. Safety Terms | 安全术语
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): Equipment worn to minimise exposure to hazards. Examples include safety glasses, gloves, ear defenders, and steel-toe boots.
个人防护装备 (PPE)：为最大程度减少暴露于危险而穿戴的装备。例如安全眼镜、手套、护耳器和防砸鞋。
Hazard: Anything that has the potential to cause harm, such as a sharp blade, hot surface, or electrical live parts.
危险源/危害：任何可能造成伤害的事物，如锋利的刀刃、发烫的表面或带电部件。
Risk: The likelihood of harm occurring from a hazard, combined with the severity of the potential harm. Risk assessments are used to reduce risk.
风险：危险源造成伤害的可能性，以及潜在伤害的严重程度。风险评估用于降低风险。
Guard: A protective barrier fitted to machinery to prevent access to dangerous moving parts, such as a blade cover on a circular saw.
防护罩/护罩：安装在机械上的保护屏障，防止接触到危险的移动部件，如圆锯上的刀片罩。
Emergency stop: A prominent red button that immediately cuts power to a machine in an emergency situation, located within easy reach of the operator.
急停按钮：一个显眼的红色按钮，可在紧急情况下立即切断机器电源，通常置于操作员易触及的位置。
9. Structural Terms | 结构术语
Beam: A horizontal structural member that carries loads perpendicular to its length, supported at both ends or along its span. Beams resist bending.
梁：一种水平结构构件，承受垂直于其长度的载荷，两端或沿跨度方向支撑。梁用于抵抗弯曲。
Column: A vertical structural member designed to carry compressive loads, transmitting the weight of the structure above to the foundation.
柱：一种垂直结构构件，用于承受压缩载荷，将上方结构的重量传递到基础。
Truss: A framework of triangles used to support roofs, bridges, or other structures. Triangles provide rigidity and distribute forces efficiently.
桁架：由三角形构成的框架，用于支撑屋顶、桥梁或其他结构。三角形提供了刚性并有效地分布力。
Load: The external force applied to a structure. Can be dead load (permanent weight of the structure) or live load (temporary, like people or wind).
载荷：施加在结构上的外力。可分为恒载（结构本身的永久重量）和活载（临时性的，如人或风）。
Compression: A force that squeezes or shortens a material. Columns must withstand compression without buckling.
压缩：挤压或使材料变短的力。柱必须在受压时不发生弯曲。
Tension: A force that pulls or stretches a material. Cables and ropes are often used in tension.
拉伸：拉拽或使材料伸长的力。缆绳和绳索常用在拉伸状态下。
10. Systems and Control | 系统与控制
Input: A signal or data received by a system, such as a sensor detecting temperature, light, or movement. Inputs trigger a process.
输入：系统接收的信号或数据，例如传感器检测温度、光线或运动。输入触发一个过程。
Process: The operation that takes the input and decides what action to take. In a microcontroller, this is where programmed logic executes.
处理：接收输入并决定采取何种动作的操作。在微控制器中，这是执行程序逻辑的地方。
Output: The action or signal produced by a system, such as turning on a motor, lighting an LED, or sounding a buzzer.
输出：系统产生的动作或信号，例如启动电机、点亮 LED 或使蜂鸣器发声。
Feedback: Part of a system's output that is returned to the input to adjust the behaviour. It allows closed-loop control, e.g., a thermostat maintaining a set temperature.
反馈：系统输出的一部分返回至输入端以调节行为。它使闭环控制成为可能，例如恒温器维持设定温度。
Sensor: A device that detects a physical property (like light, heat, motion) and converts it into an electrical signal. Common types: LDR (light), thermistor (temperature).
传感器：一种检测物理特性（如光、热、运动）并将其转换为电信号的器件。常见类型：光敏电阻 (LDR) 用于光，热敏电阻用于温度。
Actuator: A device that converts an electrical signal into physical movement, such as a motor, solenoid, or hydraulic cylinder.
执行器：将电信号转换为物理运动的装置，例如电机、螺线管或液压缸。
Microcontroller: A small computer on a single integrated circuit, containing a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals. Commonly used in automated systems.
微控制器：一个单一集成电路上的小型计算机，包含处理器、存储器和输入/输出外设。常用于自动化系统。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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