📚 KS3 CCEA Computing: Glossary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | KS3 CCEA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key terms in computing is like collecting the building blocks for a whole digital world. This quick-memorisation guide covers the must-know vocabulary for the CCEA KS3 Computing curriculum. Each term is clearly explained in plain English first, followed by its Chinese equivalent, helping you build confidence whether you are revising for a test or strengthening your bilingual subject knowledge.
掌握计算机学科的关键术语，就像收集构建整个数字世界所需的积木。这份速记指南覆盖了CCEA KS3计算机课程必须掌握的词汇。每个术语先用通俗易懂的英文解释，再给出对应的中文释义，无论你是为了考试复习还是想强化双语学科知识，都能帮你建立自信。
1. Algorithms and Computational Thinking | 算法与计算思维
Algorithm – A step-by-step procedure or set of rules designed to solve a specific problem or perform a task. An algorithm must be precise, complete, and finite.
算法 – 为解决特定问题或执行任务而设计的一套逐步执行的步骤或规则，必须精确、完整且有限。
Decomposition – Breaking down a complex problem or system into smaller, more manageable parts. It makes programming and problem-solving easier.
分解 – 将一个复杂问题或系统拆分成更小、更易于管理的部分，使编程和解决问题变得更加简单。
Pattern Recognition – Spotting similarities or patterns within problems, data, or processes. Recognising patterns helps in predicting situations and reusing solutions.
模式识别 – 在问题、数据或过程中发现相似性或模式。识别模式有助于预测情况并复用已有的解决方案。
Abstraction – Hiding unnecessary details and focusing only on the important aspects when designing a solution. It simplifies complexity in computing.
抽象 – 隐藏不必要的细节，在设计解决方案时只关注重要的方面，从而简化计算机中的复杂性。
Flowchart – A diagram that represents an algorithm using standard symbols such as ovals, rectangles, and diamonds connected by arrows to show the sequence of steps.
流程图 – 使用椭圆、矩形、菱形等标准符号并通过箭头连接来表示算法步骤顺序的图表。
2. Programming Concepts | 编程概念
Variable – A named storage location in a program’s memory that holds a value, which can change while the program runs. You can think of it as a labelled box.
变量 – 程序内存中一个有名称的存储位置，存放的值在程序运行期间可以改变，可以把它想象成一个带标签的盒子。
Sequence – Executing instructions one after another in the order they are written. It is the most basic control structure in programming.
顺序 – 按照编写的先后次序一条接一条地执行指令，是编程中最基本的控制结构。
Selection – A decision-making structure that allows a program to choose between different paths based on whether a condition is true or false. Often implemented with IF-ELSE statements.
选择 – 一种决策结构，让程序根据条件是真还是假来在不同的路径之间做出选择，通常使用 IF-ELSE 语句实现。
Iteration (Loop) – Repeating a section of code multiple times. The two common types are count-controlled loops (FOR) and condition-controlled loops (WHILE).
迭代（循环） – 多次重复一段代码。常见的两种类型是计数控制循环 (FOR) 和条件控制循环 (WHILE)。
Data Type – A classification that specifies which kind of value a variable can hold. In KS3 you typically meet integer (whole numbers), string (text), and Boolean (TRUE/FALSE).
数据类型 – 规定变量可以存放哪种值的分类。在 KS3 阶段通常会遇到整数（整数）、字符串（文本）和布尔型（真/假）。
3. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary – A number system that uses only two digits, 0 and 1. Computers use binary because they switch circuits on (1) and off (0).
二进制 – 只使用 0 和 1 两个数字的数制。计算机使用二进制，因为它们通过电路的开 (1) 和关 (0) 来表示信息。
Bit – The smallest unit of data in a computer, representing a single binary value, either 0 or 1.
比特 (位) – 计算机中最小的数据单位，代表一个单一的二进制值 0 或 1。
Byte – A group of 8 bits. It is a basic unit used to measure file sizes and storage capacity.
字节 – 一组 8 位。它是衡量文件大小和存储容量的基本单位。
Denary (Decimal) – The base-10 number system that humans use daily, made up of digits 0 to 9. We often convert between denary and binary to understand how computers store numbers.
十进制 – 人类日常使用的基数为 10 的数制，由数字 0 到 9 组成。我们经常在十进制和二进制之间转换，以理解计算机如何存储数字。
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It assigns a unique binary number to each letter, digit, and symbol so that computers can represent text.
ASCII（美国标准信息交换码） – 为每个字母、数字和符号分配一个唯一的二进制编号，使计算机能够表示文本。
Pixel – The smallest addressable element in a digital image. A large grid of pixels forms a picture, and each pixel stores colour information.
像素 – 数字图像中最小的可寻址元素。巨大的像素网格构成一幅图像，每个像素都存储颜色信息。
4. Hardware and Software | 硬件与软件
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – The brain of the computer that carries out instructions. It performs fetch-decode-execute cycles and handles all processing tasks.
中央处理器 (CPU) – 计算机的大脑，负责执行指令。它执行取指-解码-执行的循环，并处理所有的计算任务。
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Temporary, high-speed memory that stores data and programs currently being used. Data in RAM is lost when the power is turned off (volatile).
随机存取存储器 (RAM) – 用于存储当前正在使用的数据和程序的高速临时存储器。断电后 RAM 中的数据会丢失（易失性）。
Storage (Secondary Storage) – Non-volatile memory that keeps data permanently. Examples include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and USB flash drives.
存储器（辅助存储） – 永久保存数据的非易失性存储器。例如硬盘 (HDD)、固态硬盘 (SSD) 和 U 盘。
Input Device – Hardware used to send data into a computer. Examples: keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, microphone, scanner.
输入设备 – 用于向计算机发送数据的硬件。例如键盘、鼠标、触摸屏、麦克风、扫描仪。
Output Device – Hardware that presents information from a computer to the user. Examples: monitor, printer, speakers, headphones.
输出设备 – 将计算机信息呈现给用户的硬件。例如显示器、打印机、扬声器、耳机。
Operating System (OS) – System software that manages hardware, runs applications, and provides a user interface. Windows, macOS, and Linux are operating systems.
操作系统 (OS) – 管理硬件、运行应用程序并提供用户界面的系统软件。Windows、macOS 和 Linux 都是操作系统。
5. Networks and The Internet | 网络与互联网
LAN (Local Area Network) – A network that connects computers over a small geographical area, such as a school, home, or office building.
局域网 (LAN) – 在小地理范围内（如学校、家庭或办公楼）连接计算机的网络。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – A network that connects devices across a large geographical area. The biggest WAN is the Internet.
广域网 (WAN) – 跨越大地理范围连接设备的网络。最大的广域网就是互联网。
Router – A network device that forwards data packets between networks. It helps connect home networks to the Internet and chooses the best path for data.
路由器 – 在网络之间转发数据包的网络设备。它帮助将家庭网络连接到互联网，并为数据选择最佳路径。
Switch – A device that connects multiple devices together on a LAN and directs data only to the intended recipient, reducing unnecessary traffic.
交换机 – 在局域网中将多个设备连接在一起，并仅将数据导向目标接收者，从而减少不必要流量的设备。
IP Address – A unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a network that uses the Internet Protocol. It works like a postal address for data.
IP 地址 – 分配给每个联网设备、基于互联网协议的唯一数字标签，就像数据的邮寄地址。
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) – The address of a web page on the Internet. It typically includes the protocol (e.g., https://), domain name, and path.
统一资源定位符 (URL) – 互联网上网页的地址，通常包含协议（如 https://）、域名和路径。
6. Cybersecurity and E-Safety | 网络安全与电子安全
Malware – Malicious software designed to harm, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access to computer systems. Viruses, worms, and trojans are types of malware.
恶意软件 – 旨在损害、破坏或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件。病毒、蠕虫和特洛伊木马都是恶意软件。
Phishing – A social engineering attack where fake emails or messages trick users into revealing sensitive information like passwords or bank details.
网络钓鱼 – 一种利用虚假电子邮件或消息诱骗用户泄露密码或银行信息等敏感资料的社会工程学攻击。
Firewall – A security system, either hardware or software, that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and blocks threats based on predefined rules.
防火墙 – 一种硬件或软件安全系统，监控进出网络流量，并根据预定义规则阻止威胁。
Encryption – The process of scrambling readable data into an unreadable format so that only someone with the correct key can decode it.
加密 – 将可读数据打乱成不可读格式的过程，只有拥有正确密钥的人才能解密。
Strong Password – A password that is long, mixes uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols, and is not based on personal information.
强密码 – 长度足够、混合大小写字母、数字和符号，并且不基于个人信息设置的密码。
Digital Footprint – The trail of data and information that a person leaves behind when using the Internet. It can be active (posts, comments) or passive (browsing history).
数字足迹 – 个人在使用互联网时留下的数据和信息痕迹，可以是主动的（帖子、评论）或被动的（浏览历史）。
7. Databases and Data Handling | 数据库与数据处理
Database – An organised collection of structured data stored electronically. It allows efficient searching, sorting, and managing of information.
数据库 – 以电子方式存储的有组织、结构化的数据集合，可以高效地搜索、排序和管理信息。
Table – A set of data arranged in rows and columns within a database. Each table usually represents an entity, like 'Students' or 'Books'.
表 – 数据库内按行和列排列的一组数据。每个表通常代表一个实体，如“学生”或“图书”。
Field – A single piece of data within a table, represented as a column. Examples: 'First Name', 'Date of Birth'.
字段 – 表内的一列，代表单个数据项，如“名字”、“出生日期”。
Record – A complete set of fields related to one entry or item, represented as a row in a table.
记录 – 表内的一行，是与单个条目或对象相关的完整字段集合。
Primary Key – A field that uniquely identifies each record in a table. No two records can have the same primary key value.
主键 – 唯一标识表中每条记录的字段，两条记录不能拥有相同的主键值。
Query – A request for data or information from a database. Queries can filter, sort, and calculate results based on given criteria.
查询 – 从数据库中请求数据或信息的操作。查询可以根据给定条件过滤、排序和计算结果。
8. Systems and Development Life Cycle | 系统与开发生命周期
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) – A structured framework used to plan, build, deliver, and maintain software and information systems.
系统开发生命周期 (SDLC) – 用于规划、构建、交付和维护软件及信息系统的结构化框架。
Analysis – The first stage of SDLC, where the problem is fully understood, requirements are gathered, and feasibility is checked.
分析 – SDLC 的第一阶段，在此阶段充分理解问题、收集需求并检查可行性。
Design – Creating the blueprint of the solution, including user interfaces, data structures, and algorithms, ready for implementation.
设计 – 创建解决方案的蓝图，包括用户界面、数据结构和算法，为实现做好准备。
Implementation – The stage where the actual code is written or the system is built according to the design specifications.
实施 – 根据设计规格编写实际代码或构建系统的阶段。
Testing – Running systematic checks to find and fix errors (bugs). Common types include unit testing, integration testing, and acceptance testing.
测试 – 进行系统检查以发现并修正错误（缺陷）。常见类型包括单元测试、集成测试和验收测试。
Evaluation – Reviewing the finished product against the original requirements to see if it solves the problem and meets user needs.
评估 – 对照最初需求检查最终产品，看它是否解决了问题并满足用户需求。
9. Ethics and Legal Issues | 伦理与法律问题
Data Protection – Legal obligations to keep personal data safe, fair, and transparent. In the UK, the GDPR and Data Protection Act 2018 govern data protection.
数据保护 – 确保个人数据安全、公平、透明的法律义务。在英国，GDPR 和《2018 年数据保护法》对数据保护作出了规定。
Copyright – Legal rights that give creators control over how their original work is used and distributed. Unauthorised copying or sharing can be illegal.
版权 – 赋予创作者控制其原创作品使用和传播方式的法律权利。未经授权复制或分享可能构成违法。
Plagiarism – Using someone else’s work, ideas, or code without giving proper credit and presenting it as your own. It is an academic and ethical violation.
抄袭 – 使用他人的作品、想法或代码而没有适当注明出处，并将其作为自己的成果，这是违反学术规范和道德的行为。
Digital Divide – The gap between those who have easy access to digital technology and the Internet and those who do not, often due to social, economic, or geographic factors.
数字鸿沟 – 能轻易获得数字技术和互联网的人与不能的人之间的差距，通常由社会、经济或地理因素造成。
Environmental Impact – The effect that computing devices, data centres, and e-waste have on the environment. Energy consumption and responsible recycling are growing concerns.
环境影响 – 计算设备、数据中心和电子垃圾对环境造成的影响。能源消耗和负责任的回收是日益受到关注的问题。
10. Emerging Technologies | 新兴技术
Artificial Intelligence (AI) – The simulation of human intelligence by machines. AI systems can learn, reason, and make decisions based on data.
人工智能 (AI) – 机器对人类智能的模拟。AI 系统可以基于数据进行学习、推理和决策。
Machine Learning (ML) – A subset of AI where algorithms improve automatically through experience by finding patterns in data without being explicitly programmed for every task.
机器学习 (ML) – AI 的一个分支，算法无需为每项任务显式编程，而是通过经验从数据中发现模式来自动改进。
Internet of Things (IoT) – A network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity so they can collect and exchange data over the Internet. Smart thermostats are an example.
物联网 (IoT) – 嵌入传感器、软件和连接功能的物理设备网络，使其可以通过互联网收集和交换数据。智能恒温器就是一个例子。
Virtual Reality (VR) – A computer-generated simulation of a 3D environment that users can interact with, usually through a headset, creating a fully immersive experience.
虚拟现实 (VR) – 计算机生成的 3D 环境模拟，用户通常通过头戴设备与之交互，获得完全沉浸式的体验。
Augmented Reality (AR) – Technology that overlays digital information, such as images or text, onto the real world. Mobile phone game filters and navigation overlays are popular AR examples.
增强现实 (AR) – 将图像或文本等数字信息叠加到现实世界上的技术。手机游戏滤镜和导航叠加层是常见的 AR 例子。
Blockchain – A decentralised, digital ledger that records transactions across many computers so that records cannot be altered without consensus. It underpins cryptocurrencies.
区块链 – 一种去中心化的数字账本，在许多计算机上记录交易，使得记录在没有共识的情况下无法被篡改。它是加密货币的基础技术。
Published by TutorHao | Computing Revision Series | aleveler.com
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