📚 KS3 CCEA Physics: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | KS3 CCEA 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of physics is the first step towards understanding how the universe works. This guide is designed to help KS3 students following the CCEA curriculum quickly memorise essential physics vocabulary through simple associations, visual cues, and clever mnemonics.
掌握物理学的语言是理解宇宙如何运作的第一步。本指南旨在帮助学习CCEA课程的KS3学生，通过简单的联想、视觉提示和巧妙的助记符快速记住核心物理词汇。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
A force is a push or a pull that can change an object's speed, direction or shape. Remember: 'Force makes things move, stop or bend'.
力 是一种推或拉，能改变物体的速度、方向或形状。记住：“力使物体运动、停止或弯曲”。
Mass of is the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). It never changes, even in space. Think 'Mass = how much stuff'. Weight change depending on gravity. Link: Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = mg).
质量 是物体所含物质的量，单位是千克(kg)。它永不变，即使在太空中。联想：“质量 = 有多少东西”。重量 是作用在质量上的重力，单位是牛顿(N)。重量随重力变化。公式：重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度 (W = mg)。
Friction opposes motion and produces heat. Picture rubbing your hands together – they get warm. That's friction converting kinetic energy into thermal energy.
摩擦力 阻碍运动并产生热量。想象搓手时手会变暖，那就是摩擦力将动能转化为热能。
When forces on an object are equal and opposite, they are balanced, and the object's motion stays the same. If they are unbalanced, the object accelerates.
当物体上的力大小相等方向相反时，它们平衡，物体的运动状态保持不变。如果不平衡，物体就会加速。
Speed = distance ÷ time. The average speed formula is often given as v = d/t. A quick mnemonic: 'Dashing Santa travels very fast' to help position the three variables in a triangle.
速度 = 路程 ÷ 时间。平均速度公式常写作 v = d/t。速记口诀：“路程除以时间就是速度”。
v = d / t
2. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores. The main energy stores include kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal (internal), chemical, nuclear, magnetic and electrostatic.
能量不能被创造或消灭，只能在储存室之间转移。主要的能量储存包括动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能（内能）、化学能、核能、磁能和静电。
Energy can be transferred by four main pathways: mechanically (by a force doing work), electrically (charge moving), by heating (temperature difference) and by radiation (light or sound waves). Mnemonic: My Electric Horse Runs.
能量可以通过四种主要途径转移：机械（力做功）、电（电荷移动）、加热（温差）和辐射（光或声波）。助记：My Electric Horse Runs (我的电动马奔跑)。
Efficiency = useful energy output ÷ total energy input. No device is 100% efficient because some energy is always dissipated as heat.
效率 = 有用能量输出 ÷ 总能量输入。没有设备是100%高效的，因为总有一些能量以热的形式耗散。
Efficiency = Useful output energy / Total input energy
Dissipation means energy spreading out into the surroundings, usually as thermal energy. This is why a cup of tea cools down.
耗散 指能量扩散到周围环境中，通常是以热能形式。这就是为什么一杯茶会变凉。
A kettle transforms electrical energy into thermal energy. A moving person converts chemical energy from food into kinetic and thermal energy. Practice identifying energy changes in everyday devices.
电水壶将电能转化为热能。人在运动时将食物中的化学能转化为动能和热能。多练习识别日常用具中的能量转换。
3. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
Current (I) is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Visualise it like water flowing through a pipe. More current means more charge per second.
电流 (I) 是电荷的流动，单位为安培(A)。把它想象成水管中的水流。电流越大，每秒钟流过的电荷越多。
Voltage (V), also called potential difference, is the 'push' that drives current around a circuit. It is measured in volts (V).
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