📚 KS3 WJEC Media: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | KS3 WJEC 媒体：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of Media Studies is the first step to analysing any media text with confidence. This guide covers the essential WJEC KS3 terminology, from semiotics to narrative theory, with paired English–Chinese explanations to help bilingual learners memorise keywords quickly. Use it as a revision checklist, a quick-reference tool, or a daily drill sheet.
掌握媒体研究的语言，是自信分析任何媒体文本的第一步。本指南整理了 WJEC KS3 阶段的核心术语，从符号学到叙事理论，并配有中英文对照解释，帮助双语学习者快速记忆关键词。你可以把它当作复习清单、速查手册或者日常训练卡。
1. Key Media Concepts | 关键媒体概念
Denotation is the literal, dictionary meaning of a sign – what you actually see or hear, with no deeper interpretation.
直接意指是符号的字面含义，即你实际看到或听到的内容，不涉及任何深层解读。
Connotation is the associated, cultural or emotional meaning that a sign carries; it goes beyond the literal.
隐含意指是符号所携带的联想、文化或情感含义，超越了字面本身。
Sign is the smallest unit of meaning in media language, made up of a signifier and a signified.
符号是媒体语言中最小的意义单位，由能指和所指构成。
Signifier is the physical form of a sign – the word, image, sound or object you perceive.
能指是符号的物质形式——你感知到的词语、图像、声音或物体。
Signified is the mental concept or idea that the signifier triggers in your mind.
所指是能指在你脑中引发的心理概念或想法。
2. Media Language: Codes & Conventions | 媒体语言：符码与惯例
Media language refers to the system of signs, codes and conventions used to construct meaning in media texts.
媒体语言指用来构建媒体文本意义的符号、符码和惯例系统。
Code is a rule-governed system of signs whose meanings are shared by a culture; for example, a red heart symbol means love in many contexts.
符码是一种受规则控制的符号系统，其含义被特定文化所共享；例如，红色心形符号在许多语境下都表示爱。
Convention is a widely accepted way of doing things in a media form – like the use of a question-and-answer format in a talk show.
惯例是在某种媒体形式中被广泛接受的创作方式——例如访谈节目中的问答形式。
Icon is a sign that physically resembles what it represents, such as a photograph of a person.
图像符号（像似符）是与其所代表的事物外形相似的一种符号，例如一张人物照片。
Index is a sign that has a direct causal or physical link to its meaning, like smoke indicating fire.
指示符号（指索符）是与其意义之间有直接因果或物理联系的符号，比如烟指示着火。
Symbol is a sign where the link to its meaning is purely a matter of cultural agreement, with no natural connection – words are mostly symbols.
象征符号是一种符号，其与意义的联系纯属文化约定，没有自然关联——词语大多是象征符号。
3. Camera Shots & Angles | 镜头景别与角度
Close-up (CU) frames a subject's face or a specific detail tightly, emphasising emotion or importance.
特写（CU）紧凑地框住人物的面部或某个特定细节，以强调情感或重要性。
Medium shot (MS) typically frames a person from the waist up, often used for dialogue scenes.
中景（MS）通常框住人物腰部以上，常用于对话场景。
Long shot (LS) shows the full figure of a person and plenty of background, establishing the subject's surroundings.
远景（LS）展示人物的全身以及大量背景，用以交代主体所处的环境。
Low angle looks up at a subject, making it appear powerful, dominant or threatening.
低角度（仰拍）从下往上拍摄主体，使其显得强大、有支配力或具有威胁性。
High angle looks down on a subject, often making it seem vulnerable, weak or small.
高角度（俯拍）从上往下拍摄主体，常使其显得脆弱、弱小或渺小。
Establishing shot is usually a long or wide shot at the beginning of a scene, showing the location and setting the context.
定场镜头通常是场景开始时的一个远景或广角镜头，用来展示地点并交代情境。
4. Mise-en-scène | 场面调度
Mise-en-scène (French for 'placed in the scene') means everything you can see in a single frame: props, costumes, lighting, colour, setting and the positioning of actors.
场面调度（法语，意为“置于场景之中”）指单一画面中你能看到的一切：道具、服装、灯光、色彩、场景和演员的站位。
Props are the objects actors use or interact with on screen; they help build character and mood.
道具是演员在屏幕上使用或互动的物品，它们有助于塑造角色和营造氛围。
Costume includes all clothing and accessories worn by a character, signalling personality, status, era or group identity.
服装包括角色穿戴的所有衣物和配饰，传达出性格、地位、时代或群体身份。
Lighting creates atmosphere and directs the audience's attention; high-key lighting suggests brightness and openness, while low-key lighting creates shadows and suspense.
灯光营造气氛并引导观众的注意力；高调照明显得明亮开放，而低调照明则产生阴影和悬疑感。
Setting is the physical location where the action takes place, whether real or constructed, and it can be loaded with connotation.
场景（布景）是动作发生的实际地点，无论是真实的还是搭建的，它往往充满隐含意指。
5. Sound | 声音
Diegetic sound originates from within the story world – sounds characters can hear, like dialogue, footsteps, or a radio playing.
剧情声音（画内音）来源于故事世界内部，是角色能听到的声音，例如对话、脚步声或正在播放的收音机。
Non-diegetic sound comes from outside the story world; only the audience can hear it, such as background music or a voice-over narrator.
非剧情声音（画外音）来源于故事世界外部，只有观众能听到，例如背景音乐或旁白解说。
Sound effects (SFX) are artificially created or enhanced sounds used to emphasise action, build realism or create a specific mood.
音效（SFX）是人工制作或增强的声音，用来强调动作、增强真实感或营造特定情绪。
Dialogue is the spoken words between characters and drives characterisation and plot.
对白是角色之间的口头对话，推动人物塑造和情节发展。
Sound bridge connects two scenes by carrying a sound from one scene into the next, smoothing the transition.
声音桥接将一个场景的声音延续到下一个场景，用以连接两个段落，使转场更流畅。
6. Editing | 剪辑
Cut is the most basic edit; it is an instant transition from one shot to another.
切是最基本的剪辑方式，即从一个镜头瞬间切换到另一个镜头。
Transition is any way of moving between shots, including cuts, fades, dissolves and wipes, each with its own emotional effect.
转场是镜头之间的任何转换方式，包括切、淡入淡出、溶解和划像，每种方式都有不同的情感效果。
Montage is a sequence of shots edited together to condense time, convey a lot of information quickly, or create a particular meaning from the juxtaposition.
蒙太奇是一组镜头被剪辑在一起，用来浓缩时间、快速传递大量信息，或通过并置创造特定含义。
Pace of editing refers to how quickly or slowly shots follow one another; fast pace builds excitement, while slow pace can suggest calm or tension.
剪辑节奏指镜头衔接的快慢程度；快节奏营造兴奋感，慢节奏则可能暗示平静或紧张。
Continuity editing is a system of cutting that creates a smooth, logical flow of action so that viewers barely notice the cuts.
连续性剪辑是一种剪辑体系，创造出流畅连贯的动作流程，让观众几乎察觉不到剪辑的存在。
7. Representation | 再现
Representation is the way media re‑presents people, places, events and ideas – it is never simply a mirror of reality, but a constructed version.
再现（表征）是媒体重新呈现人物、地点、事件和想法的方式——它从来不是现实的简单镜子，而是一种被建构的版本。
Stereotype is a simplified, often exaggerated, generalisation about a group of people, used as a shortcut to meaning.
刻板印象是对某一群体简化且常常夸张的概括，被用作表达意义的快捷方式。
Archetype is a universally recognised character type that appears across different stories and cultures, such as the hero, the mentor or the trickster.
原型是跨越不同故事和文化而普遍存在的角色类型，例如英雄、导师或捣蛋鬼。
Countertype is a representation that deliberately challenges and subverts a dominant stereotype, offering a more positive or complex image.
反类型是有意挑战并颠覆主流刻板印象的再现方式，呈现出更积极或更复杂的形象。
Mediation is the process of selecting, editing and shaping raw material into a finished media product; every media text has been mediated by someone.
中介化（调解）是将原始素材经过选择、编辑和加工成为最终媒体产品的过程；每一个媒体文本都经过他人的中介处理。
8. Audience | 受众
Target audience is the specific group of people a media product is aimed at, defined by age, gender, interests, lifestyle, etc.
目标受众是媒体产品所针对的特定人群，通常按年龄、性别、兴趣和生活方式等来界定。
Demographics are statistical data about a population, such as age, income and education, used to classify audiences (e.g. the A–E social grade system).
人口统计学特征是关于人口群体的统计数据，如年龄、收入和教育程度，用于对受众进行分类（例如 A–E 社会等级体系）。
Psychographics classify audiences by their attitudes, values, personality traits and aspirations, often using models like Young and Rubicam's 4Cs.
心理图示依据受众的态度、价值观、个性特征和愿望进行分类，常借助如扬·罗必凯的 4Cs 等模型。
Uses and gratifications is a theory that suggests audiences actively use media to meet their needs: information, personal identity, social interaction and entertainment.
使用与满足理论认为受众会主动使用媒体来满足自己的需求：信息获取、个人认同、社会互动和娱乐。
Active audience is the idea that viewers do not passively absorb messages but interpret, negotiate or even resist the meaning of media texts.
积极受众是指观众并非被动吸收信息，而是会解读、协商甚至抵抗媒体文本的含义。
9. Institution & Genre | 机构与类型
Media institution is the organisation that creates, produces and distributes a media product, such as the BBC, Disney or an independent YouTuber.
媒体机构是创作、制作和发行媒体产品的组织，例如 BBC、迪士尼或独立 YouTuber。
Genre is a category of media text defined by shared conventions in content, style and form, such as horror, sitcom or news bulletin.
类型（体裁）是因内容、风格和形式上的共同惯例而归类的媒体文本类别，例如恐怖片、情景喜剧或新闻简报。
Hybrid genre combines conventions from two or more different genres, e.g. romantic comedy or sci-fi thriller.
混合类型（杂糅体裁）融合了两种或以上不同类型的惯例，例如浪漫喜剧或科幻惊悚片。
Sub-genre is a more specific category within a larger genre, such as 'found-footage horror' inside the horror genre.
子类型（亚体裁）是大类型下的更具体类别，例如恐怖片中的“伪纪录片式恐怖”。
Production in media terms covers all stages from initial idea, scripting and filming to the final edit.
制作在媒体术语中指从最初创意、剧本和拍摄到最终剪辑的所有阶段。
10. Narrative | 叙事
Narrative is the story structure – the way events are organised and presented to the audience.
叙事是故事结构——即事件被组织和呈现给观众的方式。
Linear narrative tells a story in chronological order, from beginning to middle to end.
线性叙事按时间顺序讲述故事，从开端到发展再到结局。
Non-linear narrative disrupts the chronological order, perhaps using flashbacks, flash-forwards or parallel timelines.
非线性叙事打乱时间顺序，可能使用倒叙、预叙或平行时间线。
Enigma code (from Roland Barthes) refers to the puzzles, questions and mysteries a text sets up to hook the audience and keep them watching.
谜题符码（来自罗兰·巴特）指文本设置的悬疑、问题和谜团，用以吸引观众并让他们持续关注。
Binary opposition (from Levi-Strauss) is the clash of two opposing forces or concepts, such as good vs evil, or old vs young, which drives the narrative forward.
二元对立（来自列维-斯特劳斯）是两组对立力量或概念的冲突，比如善与恶、老与少，这种冲突推动叙事发展。
Equilibrium in Todorov's theory is the initial state of order that is disrupted, setting a chain of events in motion.
均衡在托多罗夫的理论中是指最初的秩序状态，这种状态被打破后引发了一系列事件。
11. Exam Hack Tips | 考试速记技巧
Use the mnemonic MIGRAIN to remember the key analytical areas: Media language, Institution, Genre, Representation, Audience, Ideology, Narrative.
使用首字母缩略词 MIGRAIN 记住关键分析领域：媒体语言、机构、类型、再现、受众、意识形态、叙事。
When you write your analysis, always follow PEE paragraph: Point, Evidence (describe the technique), Explain (link to connotation and effect).
写作分析时，永远遵循 PEE 段落：观点 Point、证据 Evidence（描述技法）、解释 Explain（联系隐含意指和效果）。
Keep a visual glossary in your revision notebook: paste a still image, annotate with denotation and connotation, and name the camera shot.
在复习本上做一个视觉词汇表：粘贴一张静帧图片，用直接意指和隐含意指进行注释，并标明镜头类别。
Create bilingual flashcards – one side English term and definition, the other side Chinese equivalent – and test yourself in both directions.
制作双语闪卡——一面是英文术语和定义，另一面是中文对译——做双向自测。
Watch a short clip every day with the sound off first to focus purely on visual codes, then with sound to analyse the full media language.
每天看一段短视频，先关掉声音，纯粹关注视觉符码，再打开声音，分析完整的媒体语言。
Published by TutorHao | Media Studies Revision Series | aleveler.com
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