📚 KS3 WJEC Physical Education: Key Terms Glossary Guide | KS3 WJEC 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of Physical Education is the first step to excelling in your KS3 WJEC course. This guide breaks down essential terminology into clear, topic‑based sections so you can learn, revise, and apply key words with confidence. Each term is presented in English followed by its Chinese equivalent and a concise explanation.
掌握体育学科的语言是在 KS3 WJEC 课程中取得优异成绩的第一步。本指南将核心术语按主题分类，让你能够自信地学习、复习和运用关键词汇。每个术语均以英文呈现，并附有对应的中文及简明解释。
1. Components of Fitness | 体适能要素
Fitness is made up of several components, each contributing to how well we perform in physical activities. Understanding these helps you analyse your own strengths and areas for improvement.
体适能由多个要素组成，每个要素都影响着我们在体育活动中的表现。理解这些要素有助于分析自身的优势与待提升之处。
- Cardiovascular Endurance – The ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles during sustained exercise.
心血管耐力 – 在持续运动中，心、肺和血管向工作肌肉输送氧气的能力。 - Muscular Endurance – The capacity of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period.
肌肉耐力 – 一块肌肉或肌群在长时间内对抗阻力进行重复收缩的能力。 - Strength – The maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single effort.
力量 – 一块肌肉或肌群单次收缩所能产生的最大力。 - Flexibility – The range of movement possible around a joint.
柔韧性 – 关节周围可达到的活动范围。 - Speed – The ability to move the body or a body part from one point to another in the shortest possible time.
速度 – 在尽可能短的时间内将身体或身体部位从一点移动到另一点的能力。 - Body Composition – The proportion of fat, muscle, bone and other tissues that make up the body.
身体成分 – 构成身体的脂肪、肌肉、骨骼及其他组织的比例。
2. Health-Related Fitness | 健康相关体适能
Health‑related fitness components directly influence your overall well‑being and ability to carry out daily tasks without undue fatigue. They are often the focus of school fitness testing.
健康相关体适能要素直接影响整体健康状况以及无过度疲劳完成日常任务的能力，通常是学校体适能测试的重点。
- Aerobic Capacity – Another term for cardiovascular endurance; it reflects how efficiently the body uses oxygen.
有氧能力 – 心血管耐力的另一种说法，反映身体利用氧气的效率。 - Muscular Strength – Essential for lifting, pushing and pulling activities; it also supports good posture.
肌肉力量 – 对提举、推拉活动至关重要，也有助于维持良好姿势。 - Muscular Endurance – Important in activities like cycling, rowing and swimming where repeated muscle actions are required.
肌肉耐力 – 在骑自行车、划船和游泳等需要重复肌肉动作的活动中非常重要。 - Flexibility – Reduces the risk of injury and allows movements to be performed smoothly.
柔韧性 – 降低受伤风险，使动作能够流畅完成。 - Body Mass Index (BMI) – A simple index of weight‑for‑height used to classify underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obesity.
身体质量指数 (BMI) – 一个简单的身高体重指数，用于分类偏瘦、健康体重、超重和肥胖。
3. Skill-Related Fitness | 技能相关体适能
Skill‑related fitness components are more closely linked to sports performance. They help you execute techniques effectively and react quickly during games.
技能相关体适能要素与运动表现联系更紧密，帮助你有效执行技术动作并在比赛中快速反应。
- Agility – The ability to change direction quickly and accurately while maintaining balance.
灵敏性 – 在保持平衡的同时快速、准确地改变方向的能力。 - Balance – The maintenance of the body's centre of mass over the base of support; can be static (still) or dynamic (moving).
平衡 – 将身体重心保持在支撑面之上的能力，可分为静态平衡和动态平衡。 - Coordination – The smooth and efficient combination of body movements, such as hand‑eye coordination in catching.
协调性 – 身体动作流畅而高效的结合，例如接球时的手眼协调。 - Power – The product of strength and speed; the ability to exert maximum force in the shortest time (e.g. jumping, throwing).
爆发力 – 力量与速度的乘积；在最短时间内发挥最大力量的能力（如跳跃、投掷）。 - Reaction Time – The time taken to respond to a stimulus, such as the starting pistol in a sprint race.
反应时 – 对刺激作出反应所需的时间，如短跑中的发令枪响。
4. Principles of Training | 训练原则
To improve fitness effectively, training must follow established principles. Remembering these will help you design safe and progressive exercise programmes.
要有效提升体适能，训练必须遵循既定原则。记住这些原则将帮助你设计安全且循序渐进的锻炼计划。
- Specificity – Training must be tailored to the particular demands of the sport or component of fitness you want to improve.
针对性 – 训练必须针对所从事的运动或想提升的体适能要素进行专门设计。 - Progression – Gradually increasing the intensity, frequency or duration of exercise to continue making gains.
渐进性 – 逐渐增加运动的强度、频率或持续时间，以持续获得进步。 - Overload – Exercising at a level beyond the body's normal capacity to cause adaptation; achieved through the FITT variables.
超负荷 – 在超出身体正常能力的水平上进行锻炼以引起适应，可通过 FITT 变量实现。 - Reversibility – Fitness gains are lost when training stops or reduces significantly; often described as 'use it or lose it'.
可逆性 – 当训练停止或大幅减少时，已获得的体适能会丧失，常被称为“用进废退”。 - Tedium (Variation) – Avoiding boredom by varying training routines; keeping exercise enjoyable and mentally stimulating.
防枯燥（变化性） – 通过变化训练内容避免无聊，保持运动的趣味性和心理刺激性。
5. Methods of Training | 训练方法
Different training methods develop different components of fitness. Knowing the right method for your goal is key to efficient practice.
不同的训练方法发展不同的体适能要素。了解适合自己目标的正确方法是高效训练的关键。
- Continuous Training – Steady‑state exercise performed without rest for at least 20 minutes, e.g. jogging, cycling; improves aerobic capacity.
持续训练法 – 无休息地进行的稳态运动，至少持续20分钟，如慢跑、骑自行车，可提升有氧能力。 - Interval Training – Alternating periods of high‑intensity work with periods of rest or low‑intensity recovery; improves speed and cardiovascular endurance.
间歇训练法 – 高强度运动时段与休息或低强度恢复时段交替进行，提升速度和心血管耐力。 - Circuit Training – A series of exercises performed one after another at stations, targeting different muscle groups; develops muscular endurance and cardiovascular fitness.
循环训练法 – 在多个站点依次完成一系列练习，针对不同肌群，发展肌肉耐力和心血管体适能。 - Fartlek Training – Swedish for 'speed play'; combines continuous running with random bursts of speed over varied terrain; improves both aerobic and anaerobic fitness.
法特莱克训练法 – 瑞典语意为“速度游戏”，将匀速跑与多变地形上的随机加速结合起来，提升有氧和无氧体适能。 - Flexibility Training – Includes static stretching (holding a stretch), dynamic stretching (controlled movements) and PNF techniques to increase range of motion.
柔韧性训练 – 包括静态拉伸（保持拉伸）、动态拉伸（受控动作）和 PNF 技术，以增加活动范围。
6. Movement and Muscles | 运动与肌肉
Understanding basic anatomy helps you link exercises to the right muscle groups. The main muscles and their actions are fundamental to all physical activity.
了解基础解剖学将帮助你建立练习与正确肌群的联系。主要肌肉及其功能是所有体育活动的基础。
- Biceps – Located at the front of the upper arm; responsible for flexing the elbow (pulling action).
肱二头肌 – 位于上臂前部，负责肘关节屈曲（拉动动作）。 - Triceps – Located at the back of the upper arm; extends the elbow (pushing action).
肱三头肌 – 位于上臂后部，伸展肘关节（推动动作）。 - Quadriceps – The group of four muscles on the front of the thigh; extends the knee when kicking or jumping.
股四头肌 – 大腿前方的四块肌肉，踢腿或跳跃时伸展膝关节。 - Hamstrings – Located at the back of the thigh; flex the knee and extend the hip.
腘绳肌 – 位于大腿后部，屈膝和伸髋。 - Abdominals – The core muscles at the front of the trunk; stabilise the spine and help with bending forward.
腹肌 – 躯干前方的核心肌肉，稳定脊柱并协助前屈。 - Gastrocnemius – The calf muscle; points the toes (plantar flexion) during running and jumping.
腓肠肌 – 小腿肌肉，在跑步和跳跃时使足尖下压（跖屈）。
7. Bones and Joints | 骨骼与关节
The skeleton provides support, protection and movement. Learning the names of major bones and types of joints improves your anatomical vocabulary.
骨骼提供支撑、保护和运动功能。学习主要骨骼名称和关节类型能丰富你的解剖学词汇。
- Femur – The thigh bone; the longest and strongest bone in the body.
股骨 – 大腿骨，人体最长、最结实的骨骼。 - Tibia – The shin bone; a weight‑bearing bone in the lower leg.
胫骨 – 小腿承重骨。 - Humerus – The upper arm bone.
肱骨 – 上臂骨。 - Ball and Socket Joint – Allows movement in many directions; examples include the hip and shoulder.
球窝关节 – 允许向多个方向运动，如髋关节和肩关节。 - Hinge Joint – Allows movement in one plane only, like a door hinge; examples are the knee and elbow.
屈戌关节（滑车关节） – 仅允许在一个平面上运动，如同门铰链，例如膝关节和肘关节。 - Ligament – Tough, elastic tissue connecting bone to bone; stabilises joints.
韧带 – 连接骨与骨的坚韧弹性组织，稳定关节。 - Tendon – Connects muscle to bone; transmits the force of muscle contraction to produce movement.
肌腱 – 连接肌肉与骨骼，传递肌肉收缩力量以产生运动。
8. Energy Systems | 能量系统
Movement requires energy, and the body uses different energy systems depending on the intensity and duration of activity. The terms below explain the basics.
运动需要能量，身体根据活动的强度和持续时间使用不同的能量系统。以下术语解释了基本概念。
- Aerobic System – Uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates and fats for long‑duration, low‑to‑moderate intensity exercise (e.g. marathon running).
有氧系统 – 利用氧气分解碳水化合物和脂肪，为长时间、低到中等强度的运动供能（如马拉松跑）。 - Anaerobic System – Provides energy without using oxygen for high‑intensity, short‑duration bursts (e.g. sprinting, weightlifting).
无氧系统 – 在不使用氧气的情况下提供能量，用于高强度、短时间爆发性运动（如短跑、举重）。 - Lactic Acid – A by‑product of anaerobic respiration that contributes to muscle fatigue and the burning sensation during intense exercise.
乳酸 – 无氧呼吸的副产品，会加重肌肉疲劳并在剧烈运动中产生灼烧感。 - Oxygen Debt (EPOC) – The extra oxygen consumed after exercise to restore the body to its resting state; also called Excess Post‑exercise Oxygen Consumption.
氧债（运动后过量氧耗） – 运动后为恢复身体至静息状态而额外消耗的氧气，也称运动后过量氧耗。
9. Nutrition and Hydration | 营养与补水
What you eat and drink directly affects your performance and recovery. Key terms from sports nutrition are simple but essential for every young athlete.
饮食和饮水直接影响你的运动表现和恢复。运动营养的关键术语简单却对每位年轻运动员至关重要。
- Carbohydrates – The body's main source of energy; stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver.
碳水化合物 – 身体的主要能量来源，以糖原形式储存在肌肉和肝脏中。 - Proteins – Essential for muscle repair and growth; made up of amino acids.
蛋白质 – 对肌肉修复和生长至关重要，由氨基酸组成。 - Fats – An energy source used during low‑intensity, long‑duration exercise; also insulates and protects organs.
脂肪 – 在低强度长时间运动中使用的能量来源，同时具有绝缘和保护器官的作用。 - Hydration – Maintaining adequate fluid levels in the body; even slight dehydration can impair performance.
补水 – 保持体内充足的水分；即使是轻微脱水也会影响运动表现。 - Electrolytes – Minerals (such as sodium and potassium) lost through sweat; help regulate nerve and muscle function.
电解质 – 通过汗液流失的矿物质（如钠和钾），有助于调节神经和肌肉功能。
10. Psychology and Motivation | 心理与动机
Mental factors greatly influence performance. Recognising these terms helps you understand your own mindset and improve focus during competition.
心理因素对运动表现影响很大。认识这些术语有助于理解自身心态并在比赛中提升专注度。
- Intrinsic Motivation – The drive to participate for personal satisfaction and enjoyment rather than external rewards.
内在动机 – 为获得个人满足感和乐趣而非外部奖励而参与活动的驱动力。 - Extrinsic Motivation – Motivation driven by external factors such as trophies, praise or money.
外在动机 – 由奖杯、表扬或金钱等外部因素驱动的动机。 - Anxiety – A state of worry or nervousness that can negatively affect performance if not managed.
焦虑 – 一种担忧或紧张状态，若不加管理会对表现产生负面影响。 - Self‑Confidence – The belief in one's own ability to succeed; often built through preparation and positive experiences.
自信心 – 对自己成功能力的信念，通常通过充分准备和积极体验来建立。 - Goal Setting – Establishing specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time‑bound (SMART) targets to guide effort.
目标设定 – 确立具体、可衡量、可实现、相关且有时限的（SMART）目标来引导努力。
11. Safety and Injury | 安全与损伤
Preventing injuries and knowing basic first‑aid terminology are vital for a safe sporting environment. These terms cover common risks and safety practices.
预防损伤并了解基本的急救术语对营造安全的运动环境至关重要。以下术语涵盖了常见风险和安全实践。
- Warm‑up – A series of low‑intensity activities and stretches to prepare the body gradually for exercise.
热身 – 一系列低强度活动和拉伸，使身体逐渐为运动做好准备。 - Cool‑down – Gentle exercise and stretching after the main activity to help the body recover and remove waste products.
整理活动 – 主要活动后的舒缓练习和拉伸，帮助身体恢复并清除废物。 - Sprain – An injury to a ligament caused by overstretching or twisting a joint.
扭伤 – 由于关节过度拉伸或扭转造成的韧带损伤。 - Strain – An injury to a muscle or tendon, often called a 'pulled muscle'.
拉伤 – 肌肉或肌腱的损伤，通常称为“肌肉拉伤”。 - RICE Protocol – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation; a first‑aid method for managing acute soft tissue injuries.
RICE 原则 – 休息、冰敷、加压、抬高；处理急性软组织损伤的急救方法。 - Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – Gear such as shin pads, gum shields and helmets that reduce the risk of injury.
个人防护装备 – 护腿板、护齿和头盔等装备，可降低受伤风险。
12. Key Verbs and Commands | 关键动词与指令
Exam and task instructions often use specific command words. Interpreting these correctly helps you answer questions precisely and gain higher marks.
考试和任务指令中常使用特定的命令词。正确理解这些词能帮助你精准作答并获得更高分数。
- Identify – Give the name or pick out a feature from given information.
识别 – 给出名称或从给定信息中找出某个特征。 - Describe – Provide a detailed account of what something looks like, how it works or what happens.
描述 – 详细说明某物的外观、运作方式或发生的情况。 - Explain – Give reasons why or how something occurs; link causes to effects.
解释 – 说明某事发生的原因或方式，将原因与结果联系起来。 - Analyse – Break down information into parts and examine the relationships between them.
分析 – 将信息分解成各个部分，并考察它们之间的关系。 - Evaluate – Make a judgement based on evidence, discussing strengths and weaknesses before reaching a conclusion.
评估 – 根据证据作出判断，在得出结论前讨论优点与缺点。 - Justify – Support a choice or opinion with clear reasons and evidence.
证明 – 用清晰的理由和证据支持某个选择或观点。
Published by TutorHao | Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com
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